Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan
The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/10/574 |
| _version_ | 1797999634084265984 |
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| author | Naveed Akbar Muhammad Nasir Naureen Naeem Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad Sanaullah Iqbal Anjum Rashid Muhammad Imran Tanweer Aslam Gondal Muhammad Atif Bahare Salehi Javad Sharifi-Rad Miquel Martorell William C. Cho |
| author_facet | Naveed Akbar Muhammad Nasir Naureen Naeem Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad Sanaullah Iqbal Anjum Rashid Muhammad Imran Tanweer Aslam Gondal Muhammad Atif Bahare Salehi Javad Sharifi-Rad Miquel Martorell William C. Cho |
| author_sort | Naveed Akbar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM<sub>1</sub> level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM<sub>1</sub> level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM<sub>1</sub> contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM<sub>1</sub> contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM<sub>1</sub>. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:07:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b9a365fe1ef147b192e30c3ffd7d0176 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:07:47Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-b9a365fe1ef147b192e30c3ffd7d01762022-12-22T04:28:14ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-10-01111057410.3390/toxins11100574toxins11100574Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, PakistanNaveed Akbar0Muhammad Nasir1Naureen Naeem2Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad3Sanaullah Iqbal4Anjum Rashid5Muhammad Imran6Tanweer Aslam Gondal7Muhammad Atif8Bahare Salehi9Javad Sharifi-Rad10Miquel Martorell11William C. Cho12Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanUniversity Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, PakistanSchool of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Canberra 2600, AustraliaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Saudi ArabiaStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, IranZabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615–585, IranDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, ChileDepartment of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaThe manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM<sub>1</sub> level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM<sub>1</sub> level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM<sub>1</sub> contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM<sub>1</sub> contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM<sub>1</sub>. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/10/574aflatoxinsafm<sub>1</sub>elisaraw milkpakistan |
| spellingShingle | Naveed Akbar Muhammad Nasir Naureen Naeem Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad Sanaullah Iqbal Anjum Rashid Muhammad Imran Tanweer Aslam Gondal Muhammad Atif Bahare Salehi Javad Sharifi-Rad Miquel Martorell William C. Cho Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan Toxins aflatoxins afm<sub>1</sub> elisa raw milk pakistan |
| title | Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_full | Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_short | Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_sort | occurrence and seasonal variations of aflatoxin m sub 1 sub in milk from punjab pakistan |
| topic | aflatoxins afm<sub>1</sub> elisa raw milk pakistan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/10/574 |
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