Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses
Gastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi&a...
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/170 |
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| author | Zheng Ji Xiaochang C. Wang Limei Xu Chongmiao Zhang Cheng Rong Andri Taruna Rachmadi Mohan Amarasiri Satoshi Okabe Naoyuki Funamizu Daisuke Sano |
| author_facet | Zheng Ji Xiaochang C. Wang Limei Xu Chongmiao Zhang Cheng Rong Andri Taruna Rachmadi Mohan Amarasiri Satoshi Okabe Naoyuki Funamizu Daisuke Sano |
| author_sort | Zheng Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi’an city, China. Reverse transcription plus nested or semi-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were used for detection and genotyping of noroviruses and rotaviruses. As a result, 91.7% (22/24) of raw sewage samples, 70.8% (17/24) of the wastewater samples treated by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A<sup>2</sup>O) process and 62.5% (15/24) of lake water samples were positive for at least one of target gastroenteritis viruses while all samples collected from membrane bioreactor effluent after free chlorine disinfection were negative. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that epidemiologically minor strains of norovirus GI (GI/14) and GII (GII/13) were frequently detected in the system. Considering virus concentration in the disinfected MBR effluent which is used as the source of lake water is below the detection limit, these results indicate that artificial lake may be contaminated from sources other than the wastewater reclamation system, which may include aerosols, and there is a possible norovirus infection risk by exposure through reclaimed water usage and by onshore winds transporting aerosols containing norovirus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:56:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ba0fe2fa2e464cb68f1a4c93a16881db |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:56:50Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-ba0fe2fa2e464cb68f1a4c93a16881db2022-12-22T04:25:07ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172019-09-018417010.3390/pathogens8040170pathogens8040170Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis VirusesZheng Ji0Xiaochang C. Wang1Limei Xu2Chongmiao Zhang3Cheng Rong4Andri Taruna Rachmadi5Mohan Amarasiri6Satoshi Okabe7Naoyuki Funamizu8Daisuke Sano9National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaKey Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaKey Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaKey Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaKey Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaDepartment of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, JapanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, JapanGraduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 011-Mizumoto-cho 27-1, Muroran, Hokkaido 060-8628, JapanDepartment, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto-cho 27-1, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, JapanDepartment of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, JapanGastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi’an city, China. Reverse transcription plus nested or semi-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were used for detection and genotyping of noroviruses and rotaviruses. As a result, 91.7% (22/24) of raw sewage samples, 70.8% (17/24) of the wastewater samples treated by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A<sup>2</sup>O) process and 62.5% (15/24) of lake water samples were positive for at least one of target gastroenteritis viruses while all samples collected from membrane bioreactor effluent after free chlorine disinfection were negative. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that epidemiologically minor strains of norovirus GI (GI/14) and GII (GII/13) were frequently detected in the system. Considering virus concentration in the disinfected MBR effluent which is used as the source of lake water is below the detection limit, these results indicate that artificial lake may be contaminated from sources other than the wastewater reclamation system, which may include aerosols, and there is a possible norovirus infection risk by exposure through reclaimed water usage and by onshore winds transporting aerosols containing norovirus.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/170waterborne gastroenteritis virusesfecal source trackingwastewater reclamationviral contamination |
| spellingShingle | Zheng Ji Xiaochang C. Wang Limei Xu Chongmiao Zhang Cheng Rong Andri Taruna Rachmadi Mohan Amarasiri Satoshi Okabe Naoyuki Funamizu Daisuke Sano Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses Pathogens waterborne gastroenteritis viruses fecal source tracking wastewater reclamation viral contamination |
| title | Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses |
| title_full | Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses |
| title_fullStr | Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses |
| title_short | Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses |
| title_sort | fecal source tracking in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system using multiple waterborne gastroenteritis viruses |
| topic | waterborne gastroenteritis viruses fecal source tracking wastewater reclamation viral contamination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/170 |
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