A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions
Atmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002719 |
| _version_ | 1811245854275665920 |
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| author | Jian Sun Zhenxing Shen Tian Zhang Shaofei Kong Hongai Zhang Qian Zhang Xinyi Niu Shasha Huang Hongmei Xu Kin-Fai Ho Junji Cao |
| author_facet | Jian Sun Zhenxing Shen Tian Zhang Shaofei Kong Hongai Zhang Qian Zhang Xinyi Niu Shasha Huang Hongmei Xu Kin-Fai Ho Junji Cao |
| author_sort | Jian Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Atmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum of 52 PAHs) ranged from 19.42 ± 7.68 to 65.40 ± 29.84 ng m−3, with significantly higher levels in northern cities (Harbin [HB], Beijing [BJ], and Xi’an [XA]) than southern ones (Wuhan [WH], Chengdu [CD] and Guangzhou [GZ]). Source apportionment of ∑PAHs was conducted by the PMF model and results showed coal combustion and traffic emissions were the two dominant sources, which dominated ∑PAHs in northern and southern cities, respectively. Biomass burning was also characterized as a crucial source of ∑PAHs and showed extremely high contributions in XA (42.5%). Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the source-depend TEQ (total BaP equivalent) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were firstly reported in these cities. The results highlighted the contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to both TEQ and ILCR, which were underestimated by ∑PAHs source apportionment. Secondary organic aerosol-derived PAHs were demonstrated to increase the TEQ compared with the fresh PAHs and three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and O3 concentrations were characterized by multiple linear regression as the principal factors influencing secondary reactions of PAHs in winter. This study provides accurate human health-orientated results and potential control measures to mitigate the toxicity of secondary formed PAHs, and significantly decrease the uncertainty level of traditional methods. The results also revealed great progress in air pollution control by the Chinese government in the past 20 years, but still a long way to go to formulate strict emission control strategies from both environmental and human health-protective perspectives. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:45:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ba131f2a0b7f422f92f7bc0dc87e0b2d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:45:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-ba131f2a0b7f422f92f7bc0dc87e0b2d2022-12-22T03:28:40ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202022-07-01165107344A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactionsJian Sun0Zhenxing Shen1Tian Zhang2Shaofei Kong3Hongai Zhang4Qian Zhang5Xinyi Niu6Shasha Huang7Hongmei Xu8Kin-Fai Ho9Junji Cao10Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China; Corresponding author.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaDepartment of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, 650 Xinsongjiang Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaSchool of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 ChinaDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, ChinaThe Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaKey Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, ChinaAtmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum of 52 PAHs) ranged from 19.42 ± 7.68 to 65.40 ± 29.84 ng m−3, with significantly higher levels in northern cities (Harbin [HB], Beijing [BJ], and Xi’an [XA]) than southern ones (Wuhan [WH], Chengdu [CD] and Guangzhou [GZ]). Source apportionment of ∑PAHs was conducted by the PMF model and results showed coal combustion and traffic emissions were the two dominant sources, which dominated ∑PAHs in northern and southern cities, respectively. Biomass burning was also characterized as a crucial source of ∑PAHs and showed extremely high contributions in XA (42.5%). Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the source-depend TEQ (total BaP equivalent) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were firstly reported in these cities. The results highlighted the contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to both TEQ and ILCR, which were underestimated by ∑PAHs source apportionment. Secondary organic aerosol-derived PAHs were demonstrated to increase the TEQ compared with the fresh PAHs and three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and O3 concentrations were characterized by multiple linear regression as the principal factors influencing secondary reactions of PAHs in winter. This study provides accurate human health-orientated results and potential control measures to mitigate the toxicity of secondary formed PAHs, and significantly decrease the uncertainty level of traditional methods. The results also revealed great progress in air pollution control by the Chinese government in the past 20 years, but still a long way to go to formulate strict emission control strategies from both environmental and human health-protective perspectives.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002719Oxygenated PAHs and nitrated PAHsBaPeqSource apportionmentHealth risk assessmentSecondary PAHs |
| spellingShingle | Jian Sun Zhenxing Shen Tian Zhang Shaofei Kong Hongai Zhang Qian Zhang Xinyi Niu Shasha Huang Hongmei Xu Kin-Fai Ho Junji Cao A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions Environment International Oxygenated PAHs and nitrated PAHs BaPeq Source apportionment Health risk assessment Secondary PAHs |
| title | A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| title_full | A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| title_fullStr | A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| title_short | A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| title_sort | comprehensive evaluation of pm2 5 bound pahs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in china insight the source dependent health risk and secondary reactions |
| topic | Oxygenated PAHs and nitrated PAHs BaPeq Source apportionment Health risk assessment Secondary PAHs |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002719 |
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