Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas
<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of <i>P. vulgaris</i> cu...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| author | Sidra Nasar Hamayun Shaheen Ghulam Murtaza Tan Tinghong Muhammad Arfan Muhammad Idrees |
| author_facet | Sidra Nasar Hamayun Shaheen Ghulam Murtaza Tan Tinghong Muhammad Arfan Muhammad Idrees |
| author_sort | Sidra Nasar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of <i>P. vulgaris</i> cultivation in providing livelihood support and to evaluate its production and consumption patterns correlated with the household variables in the state of AJK. The socio-economic data was collected from nine bean cultivated areas in six districts of AJK. The data was acquired by administrating a total of 522 detailed semi structured questionnaires from a diverse array of the respondents following the snowball technique focusing on yield, consumption, revenue generation and livelihood support provided by bean cultivation. The results revealed that common bean cultivation provided significant livelihood support to the local mountainous populations with an average annual income of 50.80 $/family. Subsequently, bean production contributed an average annual per capita income of 6.81 $ in the area, which was attributed to the large family size. Local populations showed an average bean production of 33.93 kg/family, whereas the average annual bean consumption was recorded as 31.99 kg/family in the region. Bean crops were recorded to have an average price of $1.49/kg, with significant variations in the study area correlated with local yield. A data analysis indicated a strong correlation in bean production and consumption patterns. Common bean farmers had a very small farm size, averaging 0.24 ha, where 100% of farmers cultivated common beans as an intercrop with Maize as the primary crop. A Pearson’s test (<i>p</i> value < 0.05) revealed significant correlations between land holding and bean production as well as consumption, and bean production with annual per capita income. Small farm size, declining soil fertility, low bean pricing and the unavailability of market mechanisms were identified as the major challenges faced by the common bean farmers. It is recommended to employ an integrated bean farming approach to enhance the economic impact of common bean cultivation in the socioeconomic appraisal of the local populations. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ba3fcf5567f8478c9f67faa0338d12d32023-12-02T00:48:28ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-01-0112121310.3390/plants12010213Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir HimalayasSidra Nasar0Hamayun Shaheen1Ghulam Murtaza2Tan Tinghong3Muhammad Arfan4Muhammad Idrees5Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmi, Muzaffarabad 13100, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmi, Muzaffarabad 13100, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmi, Muzaffarabad 13100, PakistanCollege of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering and Planning, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, ChinaDepartment of Botany, University of Education Lahore, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, PakistanCollege of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of <i>P. vulgaris</i> cultivation in providing livelihood support and to evaluate its production and consumption patterns correlated with the household variables in the state of AJK. The socio-economic data was collected from nine bean cultivated areas in six districts of AJK. The data was acquired by administrating a total of 522 detailed semi structured questionnaires from a diverse array of the respondents following the snowball technique focusing on yield, consumption, revenue generation and livelihood support provided by bean cultivation. The results revealed that common bean cultivation provided significant livelihood support to the local mountainous populations with an average annual income of 50.80 $/family. Subsequently, bean production contributed an average annual per capita income of 6.81 $ in the area, which was attributed to the large family size. Local populations showed an average bean production of 33.93 kg/family, whereas the average annual bean consumption was recorded as 31.99 kg/family in the region. Bean crops were recorded to have an average price of $1.49/kg, with significant variations in the study area correlated with local yield. A data analysis indicated a strong correlation in bean production and consumption patterns. Common bean farmers had a very small farm size, averaging 0.24 ha, where 100% of farmers cultivated common beans as an intercrop with Maize as the primary crop. A Pearson’s test (<i>p</i> value < 0.05) revealed significant correlations between land holding and bean production as well as consumption, and bean production with annual per capita income. Small farm size, declining soil fertility, low bean pricing and the unavailability of market mechanisms were identified as the major challenges faced by the common bean farmers. It is recommended to employ an integrated bean farming approach to enhance the economic impact of common bean cultivation in the socioeconomic appraisal of the local populations.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/1/213common beansfood securitylivelihood supportKashmirsubsistence farmingsustainability |
| spellingShingle | Sidra Nasar Hamayun Shaheen Ghulam Murtaza Tan Tinghong Muhammad Arfan Muhammad Idrees Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas Plants common beans food security livelihood support Kashmir subsistence farming sustainability |
| title | Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas |
| title_full | Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas |
| title_fullStr | Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas |
| title_short | Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas |
| title_sort | socioeconomic evaluation of common bean i phaseolus vulgaris i l cultivation in providing sustainable livelihood to the mountain populations of kashmir himalayas |
| topic | common beans food security livelihood support Kashmir subsistence farming sustainability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/1/213 |
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