An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization
Therapeutic neovascularization can facilitate blood flow recovery in patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Neovascularization encompasses both angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing vessels, and arteriogenesis, the maturation of pr...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/1/61 |
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| author | Reginald V.C.T. van der Kwast Paul H.A. Quax A. Yaël Nossent |
| author_facet | Reginald V.C.T. van der Kwast Paul H.A. Quax A. Yaël Nossent |
| author_sort | Reginald V.C.T. van der Kwast |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Therapeutic neovascularization can facilitate blood flow recovery in patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Neovascularization encompasses both angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing vessels, and arteriogenesis, the maturation of preexisting collateral arterioles into fully functional arteries. Both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis are highly multifactorial processes that require a multifactorial regulator to be stimulated simultaneously. MicroRNAs can regulate both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis due to their ability to modulate expression of many genes simultaneously. Recent studies have revealed that many microRNAs have variants with altered terminal sequences, known as isomiRs. Additionally, endogenous microRNAs have been identified that carry biochemically modified nucleotides, revealing a dynamic microRNA epitranscriptome. Both types of microRNA alterations were shown to be dynamically regulated in response to ischemia and are able to influence neovascularization by affecting the microRNA’s biogenesis, or even its silencing activity. Therefore, these novel regulatory layers influence microRNA functioning and could provide new opportunities to stimulate neovascularization. In this review we will highlight the formation and function of isomiRs and various forms of microRNA modifications, and discuss recent findings that demonstrate that both isomiRs and microRNA modifications directly affect neovascularization and vascular remodeling. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T19:53:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ba4d397756c14290b28e9d93be3bf5b6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T19:53:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-ba4d397756c14290b28e9d93be3bf5b62023-08-02T02:59:55ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-12-01916110.3390/cells9010061cells9010061An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in NeovascularizationReginald V.C.T. van der Kwast0Paul H.A. Quax1A. Yaël Nossent2Department of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsTherapeutic neovascularization can facilitate blood flow recovery in patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Neovascularization encompasses both angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing vessels, and arteriogenesis, the maturation of preexisting collateral arterioles into fully functional arteries. Both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis are highly multifactorial processes that require a multifactorial regulator to be stimulated simultaneously. MicroRNAs can regulate both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis due to their ability to modulate expression of many genes simultaneously. Recent studies have revealed that many microRNAs have variants with altered terminal sequences, known as isomiRs. Additionally, endogenous microRNAs have been identified that carry biochemically modified nucleotides, revealing a dynamic microRNA epitranscriptome. Both types of microRNA alterations were shown to be dynamically regulated in response to ischemia and are able to influence neovascularization by affecting the microRNA’s biogenesis, or even its silencing activity. Therefore, these novel regulatory layers influence microRNA functioning and could provide new opportunities to stimulate neovascularization. In this review we will highlight the formation and function of isomiRs and various forms of microRNA modifications, and discuss recent findings that demonstrate that both isomiRs and microRNA modifications directly affect neovascularization and vascular remodeling.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/1/61micrornaisomirsepitranscriptomeneovascularizationangiogenesisarteriogenesisa-to-i editingm6arna modificationsrna methylation |
| spellingShingle | Reginald V.C.T. van der Kwast Paul H.A. Quax A. Yaël Nossent An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization Cells microrna isomirs epitranscriptome neovascularization angiogenesis arteriogenesis a-to-i editing m6a rna modifications rna methylation |
| title | An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization |
| title_full | An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization |
| title_fullStr | An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization |
| title_short | An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization |
| title_sort | emerging role for isomirs and the microrna epitranscriptome in neovascularization |
| topic | microrna isomirs epitranscriptome neovascularization angiogenesis arteriogenesis a-to-i editing m6a rna modifications rna methylation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/1/61 |
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