A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing
Adopting the cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) process, 316L stainless steel wire was treated with a single channel multi-layer deposition experiment under different linear energy. The microstructures of different regions on the deposited samples were observed by optical microscope and scanni...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-05-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/9/3284 |
| _version_ | 1797568563037339648 |
|---|---|
| author | Bin Xie Jiaxiang Xue Xianghui Ren Wei Wu Zhuangbin Lin |
| author_facet | Bin Xie Jiaxiang Xue Xianghui Ren Wei Wu Zhuangbin Lin |
| author_sort | Bin Xie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Adopting the cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) process, 316L stainless steel wire was treated with a single channel multi-layer deposition experiment under different linear energy. The microstructures of different regions on the deposited samples were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the element distribution in the structure was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer. The mechanical properties and microhardness were measured by tensile test method and microhardness tester, respectively, and the anisotropy of tensile strength in horizontal and vertical directions were calculated. Finally, the fracture morphology of the tensile samples were observed by SEM. Experiment results showed that when the difference between the actual and the optimal wire feeding speed matching the specific welding speed was too large, this led to an unstable deposition process as well as flow and collapse of weld bead metal, thus seriously deteriorating the appearance of the deposition samples. The results from metallographic micrograph showed that rapid heat dissipation of the substrate caused small grains to generate in the bottom region of deposition samples, then gradually grew up to coarse dendrites along the building direction in the middle and top region caused by the continuous heat accumulation during deposition. Tensile test results showed that with the increase of linear energy, the horizontal and vertical tensile strength of the as-deposited samples decreased. In addition, the higher linear energy would deteriorate the microstructure of as-deposited parts, including significantly increasing the tendency of oxidation and material stripping. The microhardness values of the bottom, middle and top regions of the samples fluctuated along the centerline of the cross-section, and the values showed a trend of decreasing first and then rising along the building direction. Meanwhile, the yield strength and tensile strength of each specimen showed obvious anisotropy due to unique grain growth morphology. On the whole, the results from this study prove that CMT+P process is a feasible MIG welding additive manufacturing method for 316L stainless steel. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:57:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ba619cbc8734476994c8c8989c11bfc0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:57:47Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ba619cbc8734476994c8c8989c11bfc02023-11-19T23:49:47ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-05-01109328410.3390/app10093284A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive ManufacturingBin Xie0Jiaxiang Xue1Xianghui Ren2Wei Wu3Zhuangbin Lin4School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaGuangdong Welding Technology Research Institute (Guangdong China Uzbekistan Research Institute), Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaAdopting the cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) process, 316L stainless steel wire was treated with a single channel multi-layer deposition experiment under different linear energy. The microstructures of different regions on the deposited samples were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the element distribution in the structure was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer. The mechanical properties and microhardness were measured by tensile test method and microhardness tester, respectively, and the anisotropy of tensile strength in horizontal and vertical directions were calculated. Finally, the fracture morphology of the tensile samples were observed by SEM. Experiment results showed that when the difference between the actual and the optimal wire feeding speed matching the specific welding speed was too large, this led to an unstable deposition process as well as flow and collapse of weld bead metal, thus seriously deteriorating the appearance of the deposition samples. The results from metallographic micrograph showed that rapid heat dissipation of the substrate caused small grains to generate in the bottom region of deposition samples, then gradually grew up to coarse dendrites along the building direction in the middle and top region caused by the continuous heat accumulation during deposition. Tensile test results showed that with the increase of linear energy, the horizontal and vertical tensile strength of the as-deposited samples decreased. In addition, the higher linear energy would deteriorate the microstructure of as-deposited parts, including significantly increasing the tendency of oxidation and material stripping. The microhardness values of the bottom, middle and top regions of the samples fluctuated along the centerline of the cross-section, and the values showed a trend of decreasing first and then rising along the building direction. Meanwhile, the yield strength and tensile strength of each specimen showed obvious anisotropy due to unique grain growth morphology. On the whole, the results from this study prove that CMT+P process is a feasible MIG welding additive manufacturing method for 316L stainless steel.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/9/3284additive manufacturingcold metal transitionaustenitic stainless steelmicrostructureanisotropysecond-phase particles |
| spellingShingle | Bin Xie Jiaxiang Xue Xianghui Ren Wei Wu Zhuangbin Lin A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing Applied Sciences additive manufacturing cold metal transition austenitic stainless steel microstructure anisotropy second-phase particles |
| title | A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing |
| title_full | A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing |
| title_fullStr | A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing |
| title_short | A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing |
| title_sort | comparative study of the cmt p process on 316l stainless steel additive manufacturing |
| topic | additive manufacturing cold metal transition austenitic stainless steel microstructure anisotropy second-phase particles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/9/3284 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT binxie acomparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT jiaxiangxue acomparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT xianghuiren acomparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT weiwu acomparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT zhuangbinlin acomparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT binxie comparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT jiaxiangxue comparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT xianghuiren comparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT weiwu comparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing AT zhuangbinlin comparativestudyofthecmtpprocesson316lstainlesssteeladditivemanufacturing |