| Summary: | Appropriate phosphorus (P) management techniques increase yield and nutritional properties while minimizing environmental concerns. The widespread use of nano-fertilizers (NFs) in agriculture endangers soil and plants. It is vital to research the behavior of nano-phosphors (nano-P) on plant growth and quality, as well as their technique of interaction with soil properties in order to obtain key ecosystem benefits. With this in mind, a field experiment was conducted using wheat as a test crop to explore the impact of nano phosphorus (nano-P) on soil. The study’s goal was to examine how the foliar application of nano-P to wheat affects its growth, yield and nutrient concentration. Treatments consisted of: T<sub>1</sub>: 100% NPK (120:137:72 kg N:P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>:K<sub>2</sub>O ha<sup>−1</sup>) by RDF (recommended dose of fertilizer); T<sub>2</sub>: 100% NPK by RDF + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>3</sub>: 100% NK + 0% P (no foliar); T<sub>4</sub>: 100% NK + 75% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>5</sub>: 100% NK + 50% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>;T<sub>6</sub>: 100% NK + 0% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>7</sub>: 100% NPK by RDF + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>8</sub>: 100% NK + 75% P + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>9</sub>: 100% NPK + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>; T<sub>10</sub>-100% NK + 75% P + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha<sup>−1</sup>. According to the findings, applying 100% NK + 75% P + 2 foliar applications of nano-P at the tillering and panicle initiation stages increased yield over 100% RDF by 37.1%. Additionally, the highest micronutrient concentration (Zn (36.4 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), Cu (21.2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), Mn (22.9 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and Fe (61.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>)) in grain were noticed in T<sub>3</sub> (100% NK + 0% P no foliar spray of nano-P) treatment, which was superior to T<sub>1</sub> (100% NPK). Furthermore, foliar application of nano-P fertilizer in combination with different levels of diammonium phosphate (DAP) slightly increased the amount of N, P and K, as well as micronutrients in post-harvest soil. In summary, the use of 100% NK + 75% + 2 foliar applications of nano-P saved 25% recommendation dose P if supplied as nano-P as a form of phosphorus, and can be a suitable substitute for DAP, especially in smart agriculture, as it possibly reduces P leaching into groundwater, while maintaining or increasing wheat crop yield over the 100% RDF.
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