Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise
Background: The HUMAC Balance System (HBS) offers valid measurement of balance, and the arm crank exercise test (ACE) is a valid measure of physiological capacity. Neither have been used to evaluate associations between balance and physiological capacity in lower-limb amputees. Methods: Thirty-five...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6917 |
| _version_ | 1827678551096164352 |
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| author | Gary Guerra John D. Smith |
| author_facet | Gary Guerra John D. Smith |
| author_sort | Gary Guerra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The HUMAC Balance System (HBS) offers valid measurement of balance, and the arm crank exercise test (ACE) is a valid measure of physiological capacity. Neither have been used to evaluate associations between balance and physiological capacity in lower-limb amputees. Methods: Thirty-five participants with lower-limb amputations were recruited. Standing balance (center of pressure) was evaluated during eyes opened (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions using the HBS. Participants performed ACE graded exercise testing (GXT) to evaluate aerobic capacity. Spearman’s <i>rho</i> was used to identify relationships between variables. Cut-points for three groups were generated for time on ACE. Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> tests were used to explore significant differences in variables of balance and ACE between low and high performers. Results: Relationships between variables of eyes open displacement (EOD), eyes open velocity (EOV), eyes closed displacement (ECD), and eyes closed velocity (ECV) were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and high performers with EO also performed best with EC. Longer exercise times were significantly associated with increased HR<sub>peak</sub>, VO<sub>2peak</sub>, VE<sub>peak</sub>, and RER<sub>peak</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). HR<sub>peak</sub> (143.0 ± 30.6 b/min), VO<sub>2peak</sub> (22.7 ± 7.9 and 10.6 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min), VE<sub>peak</sub> (80.2 ± 22.2 and 33.2 ± 12.7 L/min), and RER<sub>peak</sub> (1.26 ± 0.08 and 1.13 ± 0.11) were significantly greater in high performers than low performers, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was no significant association among VO<sub>2peak</sub> and any balance task variables; however, there were significant associations between some balance and physiological variables. Conclusions: Findings differentiated high and low performers; however, participants were still well below able-bodied norms of physical capacity. Training to mitigate deconditioning is suggested. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:12:40Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:12:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-bae50af7eb74416cb2f1cf3fb13707422023-11-22T19:59:30ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-10-012120691710.3390/s21206917Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank ExerciseGary Guerra0John D. Smith1Sirindhorn School of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, ThailandDepartment of Counseling, Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78244, USABackground: The HUMAC Balance System (HBS) offers valid measurement of balance, and the arm crank exercise test (ACE) is a valid measure of physiological capacity. Neither have been used to evaluate associations between balance and physiological capacity in lower-limb amputees. Methods: Thirty-five participants with lower-limb amputations were recruited. Standing balance (center of pressure) was evaluated during eyes opened (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions using the HBS. Participants performed ACE graded exercise testing (GXT) to evaluate aerobic capacity. Spearman’s <i>rho</i> was used to identify relationships between variables. Cut-points for three groups were generated for time on ACE. Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> tests were used to explore significant differences in variables of balance and ACE between low and high performers. Results: Relationships between variables of eyes open displacement (EOD), eyes open velocity (EOV), eyes closed displacement (ECD), and eyes closed velocity (ECV) were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and high performers with EO also performed best with EC. Longer exercise times were significantly associated with increased HR<sub>peak</sub>, VO<sub>2peak</sub>, VE<sub>peak</sub>, and RER<sub>peak</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). HR<sub>peak</sub> (143.0 ± 30.6 b/min), VO<sub>2peak</sub> (22.7 ± 7.9 and 10.6 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min), VE<sub>peak</sub> (80.2 ± 22.2 and 33.2 ± 12.7 L/min), and RER<sub>peak</sub> (1.26 ± 0.08 and 1.13 ± 0.11) were significantly greater in high performers than low performers, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was no significant association among VO<sub>2peak</sub> and any balance task variables; however, there were significant associations between some balance and physiological variables. Conclusions: Findings differentiated high and low performers; however, participants were still well below able-bodied norms of physical capacity. Training to mitigate deconditioning is suggested.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6917amputeeaerobic capacityarm crank exercisecenter of pressureprostheticsbalance |
| spellingShingle | Gary Guerra John D. Smith Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise Sensors amputee aerobic capacity arm crank exercise center of pressure prosthetics balance |
| title | Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise |
| title_full | Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise |
| title_fullStr | Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise |
| title_full_unstemmed | Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise |
| title_short | Correlates of Balance and Aerobic Indices in Lower-Limb Prostheses Users on Arm Crank Exercise |
| title_sort | correlates of balance and aerobic indices in lower limb prostheses users on arm crank exercise |
| topic | amputee aerobic capacity arm crank exercise center of pressure prosthetics balance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6917 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT garyguerra correlatesofbalanceandaerobicindicesinlowerlimbprosthesesusersonarmcrankexercise AT johndsmith correlatesofbalanceandaerobicindicesinlowerlimbprosthesesusersonarmcrankexercise |