Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
The codling moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticide...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/12/1085 |
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| author | Asım Gümüşsoy Ebubekir Yüksel Göksel Özer Mustafa İmren Ramazan Canhilal Mohammed Amer Abdelfattah A. Dababat |
| author_facet | Asım Gümüşsoy Ebubekir Yüksel Göksel Özer Mustafa İmren Ramazan Canhilal Mohammed Amer Abdelfattah A. Dababat |
| author_sort | Asım Gümüşsoy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The codling moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for <i>C. pomonella</i>. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (<i>Steinernema</i> and <i>Heterorhabditis</i> spp.) and their endosymbionts (<i>Xenorhabdus</i> and <i>Photorhabdus</i> spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i>. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as <i>Steinernema feltiae</i> (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of <i>G. mellonella</i>. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected <i>H. bacteriophora</i> and <i>S. feltiae</i> species were identified as <i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i> subsp. <i>kayaii</i> and <i>Xenorhabdus bovienii</i>, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of <i>C. pomonella</i>. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-bae5d01c40eb45679a759854ee87c7f42023-11-24T15:38:53ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-11-011312108510.3390/insects13121085Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Asım Gümüşsoy0Ebubekir Yüksel1Göksel Özer2Mustafa İmren3Ramazan Canhilal4Mohammed Amer5Abdelfattah A. Dababat6Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, TürkiyeDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, TürkiyeDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, TürkiyeDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, TürkiyeDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, TürkiyeDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, TaiwanInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Emek, 06490 Ankara, TürkiyeThe codling moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for <i>C. pomonella</i>. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (<i>Steinernema</i> and <i>Heterorhabditis</i> spp.) and their endosymbionts (<i>Xenorhabdus</i> and <i>Photorhabdus</i> spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i>. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as <i>Steinernema feltiae</i> (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of <i>G. mellonella</i>. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected <i>H. bacteriophora</i> and <i>S. feltiae</i> species were identified as <i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i> subsp. <i>kayaii</i> and <i>Xenorhabdus bovienii</i>, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of <i>C. pomonella</i> were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of <i>C. pomonella</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/12/1085sustainable controlbiological controlapplebeneficial nematodesentomopathogenic bacteria |
| spellingShingle | Asım Gümüşsoy Ebubekir Yüksel Göksel Özer Mustafa İmren Ramazan Canhilal Mohammed Amer Abdelfattah A. Dababat Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Insects sustainable control biological control apple beneficial nematodes entomopathogenic bacteria |
| title | Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
| title_full | Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
| title_fullStr | Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
| title_short | Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
| title_sort | identification and biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes and their endosymbiotic bacteria in apple orchards against the codling moth i cydia pomonella i l lepidoptera tortricidae |
| topic | sustainable control biological control apple beneficial nematodes entomopathogenic bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/12/1085 |
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