Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis
Background and aimThe kinetics of antibody production in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is not well-defined yet. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its dynamics during 9-months in a cohort of patients infected during the first phase of th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1069898/full |
| _version_ | 1828067622977011712 |
|---|---|
| author | Álvaro Carvalho Ana Rita Henriques Paula Queirós Joana Rodrigues Nuno Mendonça Ana Maria Rodrigues Helena Canhão Germano de Sousa Francisco Antunes Francisco Antunes Miguel Guimarães |
| author_facet | Álvaro Carvalho Ana Rita Henriques Paula Queirós Joana Rodrigues Nuno Mendonça Ana Maria Rodrigues Helena Canhão Germano de Sousa Francisco Antunes Francisco Antunes Miguel Guimarães |
| author_sort | Álvaro Carvalho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and aimThe kinetics of antibody production in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is not well-defined yet. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its dynamics during 9-months in a cohort of patients infected during the first phase of the pandemic. As a secondary aim, it was intended to evaluate the factors associated with different concentrations of IgG antibodies.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted from June 2020 to January 2021. This study recruited a convenience sample of adult individuals who where recently diagnosed with COVID-19 and were living in mainland Portugal. A total of 1,695 blood samples were collected from 585 recovered COVID-19 patients up to 9 months after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection. A blood sample was collected at baseline and three, 6 and 9 months after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection to assess the concentration of IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2.ResultsThe positivity rate of IgG reached 77.7% in the first 3 months after symptom onset. The IgG persists at all subsequent follow-up time-points, which was 87.7 and 89.2% in the 6th and 9th months after symptom onset, respectively. Three distinct kinetics of antibody response were found within the 9 months after infection. Kinetic 1 (K1) was characterized by a constant low IgG antibody concentration kinetic (group size: 65.2%); kinetic 2 (K2), composed by constant moderate IgG kinetic (group size: 27.5%) and kinetic 3 (K3) characterized by higher IgG kinetic (group size: 7.3%). People with ≥56 years old (OR: 3.33; CI 95%: [1.64; 6.67]; p-value: 0.001) and symptomatic COVID-19 (OR: 2.08; CI 95%: [1.08; 4.00]; p-value: 0.031) had higher odds of a “Moderate IgG kinetic.” No significant association were found regarding the “Higher IgG kinetic.”ConclusionOur results demonstrate a lasting anti-spike (anti-S) IgG antibody response at least 9 months after infection in the majority of patients with COVID-19. Younger participants with asymptomatic disease have lower IgG antibody positivity and possibly more susceptible to reinfection. This information contributes to expanding knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 immune response and has direct implications in the adoption of preventive strategies and public health policies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:49:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-baf790c60e28493c897c158fcbcae53c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:49:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-baf790c60e28493c897c158fcbcae53c2023-01-10T21:44:53ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652023-01-011010.3389/fpubh.2022.10698981069898Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysisÁlvaro Carvalho0Ana Rita Henriques1Paula Queirós2Joana Rodrigues3Nuno Mendonça4Ana Maria Rodrigues5Helena Canhão6Germano de Sousa7Francisco Antunes8Francisco Antunes9Miguel Guimarães10Fundação Álvaro Carvalho, Lisboa, PortugalCHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalFundação Vox Populi, Lisboa, PortugalFundação Vox Populi, Lisboa, PortugalCHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalCHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalCHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalGermano de Sousa Group- Centro de Medicina Laboratorial, Pólo Tecnológico de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalLaboratório Associado TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalOrdem dos Médicos Portugueses, Lisboa, PortugalBackground and aimThe kinetics of antibody production in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is not well-defined yet. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its dynamics during 9-months in a cohort of patients infected during the first phase of the pandemic. As a secondary aim, it was intended to evaluate the factors associated with different concentrations of IgG antibodies.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted from June 2020 to January 2021. This study recruited a convenience sample of adult individuals who where recently diagnosed with COVID-19 and were living in mainland Portugal. A total of 1,695 blood samples were collected from 585 recovered COVID-19 patients up to 9 months after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection. A blood sample was collected at baseline and three, 6 and 9 months after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection to assess the concentration of IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2.ResultsThe positivity rate of IgG reached 77.7% in the first 3 months after symptom onset. The IgG persists at all subsequent follow-up time-points, which was 87.7 and 89.2% in the 6th and 9th months after symptom onset, respectively. Three distinct kinetics of antibody response were found within the 9 months after infection. Kinetic 1 (K1) was characterized by a constant low IgG antibody concentration kinetic (group size: 65.2%); kinetic 2 (K2), composed by constant moderate IgG kinetic (group size: 27.5%) and kinetic 3 (K3) characterized by higher IgG kinetic (group size: 7.3%). People with ≥56 years old (OR: 3.33; CI 95%: [1.64; 6.67]; p-value: 0.001) and symptomatic COVID-19 (OR: 2.08; CI 95%: [1.08; 4.00]; p-value: 0.031) had higher odds of a “Moderate IgG kinetic.” No significant association were found regarding the “Higher IgG kinetic.”ConclusionOur results demonstrate a lasting anti-spike (anti-S) IgG antibody response at least 9 months after infection in the majority of patients with COVID-19. Younger participants with asymptomatic disease have lower IgG antibody positivity and possibly more susceptible to reinfection. This information contributes to expanding knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 immune response and has direct implications in the adoption of preventive strategies and public health policies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1069898/fullCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2antibody responsesIgGhumoral immune responsepost-infection immunity |
| spellingShingle | Álvaro Carvalho Ana Rita Henriques Paula Queirós Joana Rodrigues Nuno Mendonça Ana Maria Rodrigues Helena Canhão Germano de Sousa Francisco Antunes Francisco Antunes Miguel Guimarães Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis Frontiers in Public Health COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses IgG humoral immune response post-infection immunity |
| title | Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis |
| title_full | Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis |
| title_fullStr | Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis |
| title_short | Persistence of IgG COVID-19 antibodies: A longitudinal analysis |
| title_sort | persistence of igg covid 19 antibodies a longitudinal analysis |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses IgG humoral immune response post-infection immunity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1069898/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alvarocarvalho persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT anaritahenriques persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT paulaqueiros persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT joanarodrigues persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT nunomendonca persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT anamariarodrigues persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT helenacanhao persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT germanodesousa persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT franciscoantunes persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT franciscoantunes persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis AT miguelguimaraes persistenceofiggcovid19antibodiesalongitudinalanalysis |