Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan.
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), the second most cultivated millet species, is well adapted to diverse environments and remains an important cereal food and forage crop in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. A symbolic crop for indigenous Austronesian peoples, foxtail millet has bee...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2018-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210025 |
| _version_ | 1831772914811142144 |
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| author | Shu-Meng Kuo Yu-Ru Chen Song-Yu Yin Qing-Xiong Ba Yuan-Ching Tsai Warren H J Kuo Yann-Rong Lin |
| author_facet | Shu-Meng Kuo Yu-Ru Chen Song-Yu Yin Qing-Xiong Ba Yuan-Ching Tsai Warren H J Kuo Yann-Rong Lin |
| author_sort | Shu-Meng Kuo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), the second most cultivated millet species, is well adapted to diverse environments and remains an important cereal food and forage crop in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. A symbolic crop for indigenous Austronesian peoples, foxtail millet has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5,000 years, and landraces reflect diversifying selection for various food applications. A total of 124 accessions collected within Taiwan were assessed for Wx genotypes. Four identified Wx alleles, I, III, IV, and IX were caused by insertion of various transposable elements (TEs) and resulted in endosperm with non-waxy, low amylose content (AC), and waxy, respectively. A total of 16.9%, 4.0%, 49.2%, and 29.8% of accessions were classified as type I, III, IV, and IX, respectively; approximately half of the accessions belonged to the waxy type, indicating that glutinous grains were favored for making traditional food and wine. The TE insertion affected splicing efficiency rather than accuracy, leading to significantly reduced expression of wx in types III, IV, and IX, although their transcripts were the same as wild-type, type I. Consequently, the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) contents of the three mutated genotypes were relatively low, leading to waxy or low AC endosperm, and the Wx genotypes could explain 78% of variance in AC. The geographic distribution of Wx genotypes are associated with culinary preferences and migration routes of Taiwanese indigenous peoples-in particular, the genotype of landraces collected from Orchid Island was distinct from those from Taiwan Island. This information on the major gene regulating starch biosynthesis in foxtail millet endosperm can be applied to breeding programs for grain quality, and contributes to knowledge of Austronesian cultures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T08:26:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-baf98796176c4ebc8b85013ea630d2d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T08:26:47Z |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-baf98796176c4ebc8b85013ea630d2d52022-12-21T18:32:37ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032018-01-011312e021002510.1371/journal.pone.0210025Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan.Shu-Meng KuoYu-Ru ChenSong-Yu YinQing-Xiong BaYuan-Ching TsaiWarren H J KuoYann-Rong LinFoxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), the second most cultivated millet species, is well adapted to diverse environments and remains an important cereal food and forage crop in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. A symbolic crop for indigenous Austronesian peoples, foxtail millet has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5,000 years, and landraces reflect diversifying selection for various food applications. A total of 124 accessions collected within Taiwan were assessed for Wx genotypes. Four identified Wx alleles, I, III, IV, and IX were caused by insertion of various transposable elements (TEs) and resulted in endosperm with non-waxy, low amylose content (AC), and waxy, respectively. A total of 16.9%, 4.0%, 49.2%, and 29.8% of accessions were classified as type I, III, IV, and IX, respectively; approximately half of the accessions belonged to the waxy type, indicating that glutinous grains were favored for making traditional food and wine. The TE insertion affected splicing efficiency rather than accuracy, leading to significantly reduced expression of wx in types III, IV, and IX, although their transcripts were the same as wild-type, type I. Consequently, the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) contents of the three mutated genotypes were relatively low, leading to waxy or low AC endosperm, and the Wx genotypes could explain 78% of variance in AC. The geographic distribution of Wx genotypes are associated with culinary preferences and migration routes of Taiwanese indigenous peoples-in particular, the genotype of landraces collected from Orchid Island was distinct from those from Taiwan Island. This information on the major gene regulating starch biosynthesis in foxtail millet endosperm can be applied to breeding programs for grain quality, and contributes to knowledge of Austronesian cultures.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210025 |
| spellingShingle | Shu-Meng Kuo Yu-Ru Chen Song-Yu Yin Qing-Xiong Ba Yuan-Ching Tsai Warren H J Kuo Yann-Rong Lin Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. PLoS ONE |
| title | Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. |
| title_full | Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. |
| title_fullStr | Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. |
| title_short | Waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. |
| title_sort | waxy allele diversification in foxtail millet setaria italica landraces of taiwan |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210025 |
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