Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating pathologic condition, associated with considerable high morbidity and mortality. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, to this day no effective pharmacological therapies for its treatment exist. AKI is known to be con...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/2/1415 |
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| author | Patricia G. Vallés Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo Rodrigo D. Garcia Valeria Cacciamani María Eugenia Benardon Valeria Victoria Costantino |
| author_facet | Patricia G. Vallés Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo Rodrigo D. Garcia Valeria Cacciamani María Eugenia Benardon Valeria Victoria Costantino |
| author_sort | Patricia G. Vallés |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating pathologic condition, associated with considerable high morbidity and mortality. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, to this day no effective pharmacological therapies for its treatment exist. AKI is known to be connected with intrarenal and systemic inflammation. The innate immune system plays an important role as the first defense response mechanism to tissue injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a well-characterized pattern recognition receptor, and increasing evidence has shown that TLR4 mediated inflammatory response, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which are the conserved microbial motifs, are sensed by these receptors. Endogenous molecules generated during tissue injury, and labeled as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), also activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby offering an understanding of sterile types of inflammation. Excessive, uncontrolled and/or sustained activation of TLR4, may lead to a chronic inflammatory state. In this review we describe the role of TLR4, its endogenous ligands and activation in the inflammatory response to ischemic/reperfusion-induced AKI and sepsis-associated AKI. The potential regeneration signaling patterns of TLR4 in acute kidney injury, are also discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb0f738bfbdb446bb082aad1d5809e6c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb0f738bfbdb446bb082aad1d5809e6c2023-11-30T22:40:04ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-01-01242141510.3390/ijms24021415Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney InjuryPatricia G. Vallés0Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo1Rodrigo D. Garcia2Valeria Cacciamani3María Eugenia Benardon4Valeria Victoria Costantino5Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaÁrea de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaÁrea de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaIMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaÁrea de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaIMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, ArgentinaAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating pathologic condition, associated with considerable high morbidity and mortality. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, to this day no effective pharmacological therapies for its treatment exist. AKI is known to be connected with intrarenal and systemic inflammation. The innate immune system plays an important role as the first defense response mechanism to tissue injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a well-characterized pattern recognition receptor, and increasing evidence has shown that TLR4 mediated inflammatory response, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which are the conserved microbial motifs, are sensed by these receptors. Endogenous molecules generated during tissue injury, and labeled as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), also activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby offering an understanding of sterile types of inflammation. Excessive, uncontrolled and/or sustained activation of TLR4, may lead to a chronic inflammatory state. In this review we describe the role of TLR4, its endogenous ligands and activation in the inflammatory response to ischemic/reperfusion-induced AKI and sepsis-associated AKI. The potential regeneration signaling patterns of TLR4 in acute kidney injury, are also discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/2/1415Toll-like receptor 4acute renal injury (AKI)inflammationischemia/reperfusionsepsis-associated AKIcell regeneration |
| spellingShingle | Patricia G. Vallés Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo Rodrigo D. Garcia Valeria Cacciamani María Eugenia Benardon Valeria Victoria Costantino Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury International Journal of Molecular Sciences Toll-like receptor 4 acute renal injury (AKI) inflammation ischemia/reperfusion sepsis-associated AKI cell regeneration |
| title | Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury |
| title_full | Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury |
| title_fullStr | Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury |
| title_short | Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury |
| title_sort | toll like receptor 4 in acute kidney injury |
| topic | Toll-like receptor 4 acute renal injury (AKI) inflammation ischemia/reperfusion sepsis-associated AKI cell regeneration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/2/1415 |
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