Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and l...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-05-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2784 |
| _version_ | 1797534889788047360 |
|---|---|
| author | Konstantinos Adamopoulos Dimitrios Koutsouris Apostolos Zaravinos George I. Lambrou |
| author_facet | Konstantinos Adamopoulos Dimitrios Koutsouris Apostolos Zaravinos George I. Lambrou |
| author_sort | Konstantinos Adamopoulos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:36:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb21f8c64d9743f6a634a2b89fd91c14 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:36:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb21f8c64d9743f6a634a2b89fd91c142023-11-21T18:50:57ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-05-01269278410.3390/molecules26092784Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on EarthKonstantinos Adamopoulos0Dimitrios Koutsouris1Apostolos Zaravinos2George I. Lambrou3School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, GreeceSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, CyprusSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, GreeceGravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2784evolutionmicrogravityhypergravityastrobiologygravitational biology |
| spellingShingle | Konstantinos Adamopoulos Dimitrios Koutsouris Apostolos Zaravinos George I. Lambrou Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth Molecules evolution microgravity hypergravity astrobiology gravitational biology |
| title | Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth |
| title_full | Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth |
| title_fullStr | Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth |
| title_short | Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth |
| title_sort | gravitational influence on human living systems and the evolution of species on earth |
| topic | evolution microgravity hypergravity astrobiology gravitational biology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2784 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konstantinosadamopoulos gravitationalinfluenceonhumanlivingsystemsandtheevolutionofspeciesonearth AT dimitrioskoutsouris gravitationalinfluenceonhumanlivingsystemsandtheevolutionofspeciesonearth AT apostoloszaravinos gravitationalinfluenceonhumanlivingsystemsandtheevolutionofspeciesonearth AT georgeilambrou gravitationalinfluenceonhumanlivingsystemsandtheevolutionofspeciesonearth |