Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions
As various regions around the world implement carbon taxes, we assert that the competitiveness of steel products in the marketplace will shift according to individual manufacturers’ ability to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as measured by cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6904 |
| _version_ | 1797575911879475200 |
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| author | Vaishnavi Vijay Rajulwar Tetiana Shyrokykh Robert Stirling Tova Jarnerud Yuri Korobeinikov Sudip Bose Basudev Bhattacharya Debashish Bhattacharjee Seetharaman Sridhar |
| author_facet | Vaishnavi Vijay Rajulwar Tetiana Shyrokykh Robert Stirling Tova Jarnerud Yuri Korobeinikov Sudip Bose Basudev Bhattacharya Debashish Bhattacharjee Seetharaman Sridhar |
| author_sort | Vaishnavi Vijay Rajulwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As various regions around the world implement carbon taxes, we assert that the competitiveness of steel products in the marketplace will shift according to individual manufacturers’ ability to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as measured by cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This study was performed by using LCA and cost estimate research to compare the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and the additional cost applied to the production of various decarbonized materials used in sheet for automotive industry applications using the bending stiffness-based weight reduction factor. The pre-pandemic year 2019 was used as a baseline for cost estimates. This paper discusses the future cost scenarios based on carbon taxes and hydrogen cost. The pathways to decarbonize steel and alternative materials such as aluminum and reinforced polymer composites were evaluated. Normalized global warming potential (nGWP) estimates were calculated assuming inputs from the current USA electricity grid, and a hypothetical renewables-based grid. For a current electricity grid mix in the US (with 61% fossil fuels, 19% nuclear, 20% renewables), the lowest nGWP was found to be secondary aluminum and 100% recycled scrap melting of steel. This is followed by the natural gas Direct Reduced Iron–Electric Arc Furnace (DRI-EAF) route with carbon capture and the Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) route with carbon capture. From the cost point of view, the current cheapest decarbonized production route is natural gas DRI-EAF with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). For a renewable electricity grid (50% solar photovoltaic and 50% wind), the lowest GWP was found to be 100% recycled scrap melting of steel and secondary aluminum. This is followed by the hydrogen-based DRI-EAF route and natural gas DRI-EAF with carbon capture. The results indicate that, when applying technologies available today, decarbonized steel will remain competitive, at least in the context of automotive sheet selection compared to aluminum and composites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:46:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb37ec151a234907ac9bfe6e7ef24abd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:46:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb37ec151a234907ac9bfe6e7ef24abd2023-11-19T14:20:36ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-09-011619690410.3390/en16196904Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon EmissionsVaishnavi Vijay Rajulwar0Tetiana Shyrokykh1Robert Stirling2Tova Jarnerud3Yuri Korobeinikov4Sudip Bose5Basudev Bhattacharya6Debashish Bhattacharjee7Seetharaman Sridhar8Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAIra A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAIra A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAIra A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAIra A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USATata Steel Ltd., Chowringhee 700071, West Bengal, IndiaTata Steel Ltd., Jamshedpur 831001, Jharkhand, IndiaTata Steel Ltd., Chowringhee 700071, West Bengal, IndiaIra A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAAs various regions around the world implement carbon taxes, we assert that the competitiveness of steel products in the marketplace will shift according to individual manufacturers’ ability to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as measured by cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This study was performed by using LCA and cost estimate research to compare the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and the additional cost applied to the production of various decarbonized materials used in sheet for automotive industry applications using the bending stiffness-based weight reduction factor. The pre-pandemic year 2019 was used as a baseline for cost estimates. This paper discusses the future cost scenarios based on carbon taxes and hydrogen cost. The pathways to decarbonize steel and alternative materials such as aluminum and reinforced polymer composites were evaluated. Normalized global warming potential (nGWP) estimates were calculated assuming inputs from the current USA electricity grid, and a hypothetical renewables-based grid. For a current electricity grid mix in the US (with 61% fossil fuels, 19% nuclear, 20% renewables), the lowest nGWP was found to be secondary aluminum and 100% recycled scrap melting of steel. This is followed by the natural gas Direct Reduced Iron–Electric Arc Furnace (DRI-EAF) route with carbon capture and the Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) route with carbon capture. From the cost point of view, the current cheapest decarbonized production route is natural gas DRI-EAF with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). For a renewable electricity grid (50% solar photovoltaic and 50% wind), the lowest GWP was found to be 100% recycled scrap melting of steel and secondary aluminum. This is followed by the hydrogen-based DRI-EAF route and natural gas DRI-EAF with carbon capture. The results indicate that, when applying technologies available today, decarbonized steel will remain competitive, at least in the context of automotive sheet selection compared to aluminum and composites.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6904materials costlife cycle analysisdecarbonizationsteel manufacturingaluminum manufacturingcarbon fiber composite manufacturing |
| spellingShingle | Vaishnavi Vijay Rajulwar Tetiana Shyrokykh Robert Stirling Tova Jarnerud Yuri Korobeinikov Sudip Bose Basudev Bhattacharya Debashish Bhattacharjee Seetharaman Sridhar Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions Energies materials cost life cycle analysis decarbonization steel manufacturing aluminum manufacturing carbon fiber composite manufacturing |
| title | Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions |
| title_full | Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions |
| title_fullStr | Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions |
| title_short | Steel, Aluminum, and FRP-Composites: The Race to Zero Carbon Emissions |
| title_sort | steel aluminum and frp composites the race to zero carbon emissions |
| topic | materials cost life cycle analysis decarbonization steel manufacturing aluminum manufacturing carbon fiber composite manufacturing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6904 |
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