Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna
The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in iden...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/9/1526 |
| _version_ | 1797491295890964480 |
|---|---|
| author | Yordan Garbatov Petar Georgiev |
| author_facet | Yordan Garbatov Petar Georgiev |
| author_sort | Yordan Garbatov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in identifying the statistical descriptors of the length of the ships, gross tonnage (GT), and ship engine power. The queueing theory (QT) is employed to analyse the ship operations in a single queue and is processed by three parallel terminals, satisfying the port regulations. The Gaussian dispersion model (GDM) is adopted to predict the pollution concentration from ships arriving at the seaport, queuing, approaching, waiting, processing at the berth, and departing. The gas emission is estimated as a function of the ship movement trajectory, and the time duration at any stage is defined by QT for the most critical surrounding areas, considering the wind speed, as well as horizontal and vertical dispersion as a function of the location of the ship, accounting for the effective emission height, weather conditions, and speed. To mitigate the potential impact on health, the gas emissions of oxides of nitrogen (<i>NO<sub>x</sub></i>), sulphur dioxide (<i>SO</i><sub>2</sub>), and air-borne particles (<i>PM</i><sub>10</sub>) generated by ships during the queuing and port operation are evaluated. Potential cleaning measures for any ship are implemented to satisfy the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in surrounding areas. The implemented ship pollution cleaning measures and overall ship and terminal operating costs are minimised to identify the most efficient berth operation. The developed approach is flexible and can be used for any particular conditions for ships operating in ports. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:45:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb47bd46676a4caba139e629c5745af3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:45:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb47bd46676a4caba139e629c5745af32023-11-23T15:01:04ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-09-01139152610.3390/atmos13091526Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of VarnaYordan Garbatov0Petar Georgiev1Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, PortugalTechnical University of Varna, 1, Studentska Str., 9010 Varna, BulgariaThe present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in identifying the statistical descriptors of the length of the ships, gross tonnage (GT), and ship engine power. The queueing theory (QT) is employed to analyse the ship operations in a single queue and is processed by three parallel terminals, satisfying the port regulations. The Gaussian dispersion model (GDM) is adopted to predict the pollution concentration from ships arriving at the seaport, queuing, approaching, waiting, processing at the berth, and departing. The gas emission is estimated as a function of the ship movement trajectory, and the time duration at any stage is defined by QT for the most critical surrounding areas, considering the wind speed, as well as horizontal and vertical dispersion as a function of the location of the ship, accounting for the effective emission height, weather conditions, and speed. To mitigate the potential impact on health, the gas emissions of oxides of nitrogen (<i>NO<sub>x</sub></i>), sulphur dioxide (<i>SO</i><sub>2</sub>), and air-borne particles (<i>PM</i><sub>10</sub>) generated by ships during the queuing and port operation are evaluated. Potential cleaning measures for any ship are implemented to satisfy the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in surrounding areas. The implemented ship pollution cleaning measures and overall ship and terminal operating costs are minimised to identify the most efficient berth operation. The developed approach is flexible and can be used for any particular conditions for ships operating in ports.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/9/1526air qualitymaritime transportshipping emissionsdispersion modelqueueing theory |
| spellingShingle | Yordan Garbatov Petar Georgiev Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna Atmosphere air quality maritime transport shipping emissions dispersion model queueing theory |
| title | Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna |
| title_full | Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna |
| title_fullStr | Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna |
| title_full_unstemmed | Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna |
| title_short | Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna |
| title_sort | air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of varna |
| topic | air quality maritime transport shipping emissions dispersion model queueing theory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/9/1526 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yordangarbatov airpollutionandeconomicimpactfromshipsoperatingintheportofvarna AT petargeorgiev airpollutionandeconomicimpactfromshipsoperatingintheportofvarna |