The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population
BackgroundThe relationship between the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and all−cause and cardiovascular mortality has not been elucidated. Herein, we intend to probe the effect of the TC/HDL-C ratio on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general popu...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1012383/full |
| _version_ | 1811200064128811008 |
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| author | Dan Zhou Xiaocong Liu Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Yuqing Huang Yingqing Feng |
| author_facet | Dan Zhou Xiaocong Liu Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Yuqing Huang Yingqing Feng |
| author_sort | Dan Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe relationship between the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and all−cause and cardiovascular mortality has not been elucidated. Herein, we intend to probe the effect of the TC/HDL-C ratio on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population.MethodsFrom the 1999–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a total of 32,405 health participants aged ≥18 years were included. The TC/HDL-C levels were divided into five groups: Q1: <2.86, Q2: 2.86–3.46, Q3: 3.46–4.12, Q4: 4.12–5.07, Q5: >5.07. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to explore the relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Two−piecewise linear regression models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to explore nonlinear and irregularly shaped relationships. Kaplan–Meier survival curve and subgroup analyses were conducted.ResultsThe population comprised 15,675 men and 16,730 women with a mean age of 43 years. During a median follow-up of 98 months (8.1 years), 2,859 mortality cases were recorded. The TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality showed a nonlinear association after adjusting for confounding variables in the restricted cubic spline analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality were particularly positively related to the level of TC/HDL-C ratio in the higher range >5.07 and in the lower range <2.86 (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10, 1.45; HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00, 1.38, respectively), although the HRs of cardiovascular disease mortality showed no difference among the five groups. In the two-piecewise linear regression model, a TC/HDL-C ratio range of ≥4.22 was positively correlated with cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02, 1.25). In the subgroup analysis, a nonlinear association between TC/HDL-C and all-cause mortality was found in those aged <65 years, men, and the no lipid drug treatment populationConclusionA nonlinear association between the TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality was found, indicating that a too-low or too-high TC/HDL-C ratio might increase all-cause mortality. However, for cardiovascular mortality, it does not seem so. The cutoff value was 4.22. The individuals had higher cardiovascular mortality with a TC/HDL-C ratio >4.22. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T01:58:24Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T01:58:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-bb4ecf5090824547a116cc1d5f48e23a2022-12-22T03:52:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922022-12-011310.3389/fendo.2022.10123831012383The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general populationDan Zhou0Xiaocong Liu1Kenneth Lo2Kenneth Lo3Kenneth Lo4Yuqing Huang5Yingqing Feng6Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Epidemiology, Centre for Global Cardio-Metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United StatesDepartment of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, ChinaBackgroundThe relationship between the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and all−cause and cardiovascular mortality has not been elucidated. Herein, we intend to probe the effect of the TC/HDL-C ratio on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population.MethodsFrom the 1999–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a total of 32,405 health participants aged ≥18 years were included. The TC/HDL-C levels were divided into five groups: Q1: <2.86, Q2: 2.86–3.46, Q3: 3.46–4.12, Q4: 4.12–5.07, Q5: >5.07. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to explore the relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Two−piecewise linear regression models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to explore nonlinear and irregularly shaped relationships. Kaplan–Meier survival curve and subgroup analyses were conducted.ResultsThe population comprised 15,675 men and 16,730 women with a mean age of 43 years. During a median follow-up of 98 months (8.1 years), 2,859 mortality cases were recorded. The TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality showed a nonlinear association after adjusting for confounding variables in the restricted cubic spline analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality were particularly positively related to the level of TC/HDL-C ratio in the higher range >5.07 and in the lower range <2.86 (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10, 1.45; HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00, 1.38, respectively), although the HRs of cardiovascular disease mortality showed no difference among the five groups. In the two-piecewise linear regression model, a TC/HDL-C ratio range of ≥4.22 was positively correlated with cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02, 1.25). In the subgroup analysis, a nonlinear association between TC/HDL-C and all-cause mortality was found in those aged <65 years, men, and the no lipid drug treatment populationConclusionA nonlinear association between the TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality was found, indicating that a too-low or too-high TC/HDL-C ratio might increase all-cause mortality. However, for cardiovascular mortality, it does not seem so. The cutoff value was 4.22. The individuals had higher cardiovascular mortality with a TC/HDL-C ratio >4.22.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1012383/fulltotal cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratioall-cause mortalitycardiovascular mortalitynonlinear associationprognostic capacity |
| spellingShingle | Dan Zhou Xiaocong Liu Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Kenneth Lo Yuqing Huang Yingqing Feng The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population Frontiers in Endocrinology total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio all-cause mortality cardiovascular mortality nonlinear association prognostic capacity |
| title | The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| title_full | The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| title_fullStr | The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| title_short | The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| title_sort | effect of total cholesterol high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population |
| topic | total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio all-cause mortality cardiovascular mortality nonlinear association prognostic capacity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1012383/full |
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