On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events
Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of weather events with heavy precipitation, making communities worldwide more vulnerable to flash flooding. As a result, accurate fore- and nowcasting of impending excessive rainfall is crucial for warning and mitigating these hydro-meteorolog...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/2/219 |
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| author | Addisu Hunegnaw Hüseyin Duman Yohannes Getachew Ejigu Hakki Baltaci Jan Douša Felix Norman Teferle |
| author_facet | Addisu Hunegnaw Hüseyin Duman Yohannes Getachew Ejigu Hakki Baltaci Jan Douša Felix Norman Teferle |
| author_sort | Addisu Hunegnaw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of weather events with heavy precipitation, making communities worldwide more vulnerable to flash flooding. As a result, accurate fore- and nowcasting of impending excessive rainfall is crucial for warning and mitigating these hydro-meteorological hazards. The measurement of integrated water vapour along slant paths is made possible by ground-based global positioning system (GPS) receiver networks, delivering three-dimensional (3D) water vapour distributions at low cost and in real-time. As a result, these data are an invaluable supplementary source of knowledge for monitoring storm events and determining their paths. However, it is generally known that multipath effects at GPS stations have an influence on incoming signals, particularly at low elevations. Although estimates of zenith total delay and horizontal linear gradients make up the majority of the GPS products for meteorology to date, these products are not sufficient for understanding the full 3D distribution of water vapour above a station. Direct utilization of slant delays can address this lack of azimuthal information, although, at low elevations it is more prone to multipath (MP) errors. This study uses the convective storm event that happened on 27 July 2017 over Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which caused flash floods and severe damage, to examine the effects of multipath-corrected slant wet delay (SWD) estimations on monitoring severe weather events. First, we reconstructed the one-way SWD by adding GPS post-fit phase residuals, describing the anisotropic component of the SWD. Because MP errors in the GPS phase observables can considerably impact SWD from individual satellites, we used an averaging technique to build station-specific MP correction maps by stacking the post-fit phase residuals acquired from a precise point positioning (PPP) processing strategy. The stacking was created by spatially organizing the residuals into congruent cells with an optimal resolution in terms of the elevation and azimuth at the local horizon.This enables approximately equal numbers of post-fit residuals to be distributed across each congruent cell. Finally, using these MP correction maps, the one-way SWD was improved for use in the weather event analysis. We found that the anisotropic component of the one-way SWD accounts for up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of the overall SWD estimates. For a station that is strongly influenced by site-specific multipath error, the anisotropic component of SWD can reach up to 4.3 mm in equivalent precipitable water vapour. The result also showed that the spatio-temporal changes in the SWD as measured by GPS closely reflected the moisture field estimated from a numerical weather prediction model (ERA5 reanalysis) associated with this weather event. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:11:18Z |
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| id | doaj.art-bb583f9057934ee5ac8eb749586f52bf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:11:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb583f9057934ee5ac8eb749586f52bf2023-11-16T19:01:44ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-01-0114221910.3390/atmos14020219On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather EventsAddisu Hunegnaw0Hüseyin Duman1Yohannes Getachew Ejigu2Hakki Baltaci3Jan Douša4Felix Norman Teferle5Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-1359 Luxembourg, LuxembourgDepartment of Geomatics Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, TurkeyDepartment of Physics, Wolkite University, Wolkite P.O.Box 07, EthiopiaInstitute of Earth and Marine Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, TurkeyNew Technologies for the Information Society, Geodetic Observatory Pecny, RIGTC, 250 66 Zdiby, Czech RepublicDepartment of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-1359 Luxembourg, LuxembourgClimate change has increased the frequency and intensity of weather events with heavy precipitation, making communities worldwide more vulnerable to flash flooding. As a result, accurate fore- and nowcasting of impending excessive rainfall is crucial for warning and mitigating these hydro-meteorological hazards. The measurement of integrated water vapour along slant paths is made possible by ground-based global positioning system (GPS) receiver networks, delivering three-dimensional (3D) water vapour distributions at low cost and in real-time. As a result, these data are an invaluable supplementary source of knowledge for monitoring storm events and determining their paths. However, it is generally known that multipath effects at GPS stations have an influence on incoming signals, particularly at low elevations. Although estimates of zenith total delay and horizontal linear gradients make up the majority of the GPS products for meteorology to date, these products are not sufficient for understanding the full 3D distribution of water vapour above a station. Direct utilization of slant delays can address this lack of azimuthal information, although, at low elevations it is more prone to multipath (MP) errors. This study uses the convective storm event that happened on 27 July 2017 over Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which caused flash floods and severe damage, to examine the effects of multipath-corrected slant wet delay (SWD) estimations on monitoring severe weather events. First, we reconstructed the one-way SWD by adding GPS post-fit phase residuals, describing the anisotropic component of the SWD. Because MP errors in the GPS phase observables can considerably impact SWD from individual satellites, we used an averaging technique to build station-specific MP correction maps by stacking the post-fit phase residuals acquired from a precise point positioning (PPP) processing strategy. The stacking was created by spatially organizing the residuals into congruent cells with an optimal resolution in terms of the elevation and azimuth at the local horizon.This enables approximately equal numbers of post-fit residuals to be distributed across each congruent cell. Finally, using these MP correction maps, the one-way SWD was improved for use in the weather event analysis. We found that the anisotropic component of the one-way SWD accounts for up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of the overall SWD estimates. For a station that is strongly influenced by site-specific multipath error, the anisotropic component of SWD can reach up to 4.3 mm in equivalent precipitable water vapour. The result also showed that the spatio-temporal changes in the SWD as measured by GPS closely reflected the moisture field estimated from a numerical weather prediction model (ERA5 reanalysis) associated with this weather event.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/2/219slant water vapourmultipathmultipath stacking mapsGPSanisotropy |
| spellingShingle | Addisu Hunegnaw Hüseyin Duman Yohannes Getachew Ejigu Hakki Baltaci Jan Douša Felix Norman Teferle On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events Atmosphere slant water vapour multipath multipath stacking maps GPS anisotropy |
| title | On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events |
| title_full | On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events |
| title_fullStr | On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events |
| title_short | On the Impact of GPS Multipath Correction Maps and Post-Fit Residuals on Slant Wet Delays for Tracking Severe Weather Events |
| title_sort | on the impact of gps multipath correction maps and post fit residuals on slant wet delays for tracking severe weather events |
| topic | slant water vapour multipath multipath stacking maps GPS anisotropy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/2/219 |
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