Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China
Heartwood, sapwood, and bark constitute the main components of the tree stem. The stem is the main component of the tree and plays an important role in supporting the tree and transporting nutrients and water. Therefore, quantifying the profiles of heartwood, sapwood, and bark is fundamental to unde...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/6/1216 |
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| author | Yudan Qiao Sheng-I Yang Yuanshuo Hao Zheng Miao Lihu Dong Fengri Li |
| author_facet | Yudan Qiao Sheng-I Yang Yuanshuo Hao Zheng Miao Lihu Dong Fengri Li |
| author_sort | Yudan Qiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heartwood, sapwood, and bark constitute the main components of the tree stem. The stem is the main component of the tree and plays an important role in supporting the tree and transporting nutrients and water. Therefore, quantifying the profiles of heartwood, sapwood, and bark is fundamental to understanding the different components of the tree stem. A seemingly unrelated mixed-effect model system was developed based on 179 destructively sampled trees for 31 permanent sample plots in Korean larch plantation in Northeast China. The heartwood radius and sapwood width were estimated and calibrated only by the observed bark thickness or by all response variables considering the correlations of submodel random effects. The results indicated that the model system achieved good fitting performance and prediction. In addition, after including one to ten bark thickness points and all response variables of sampling below the 2 m height of the tree, the estimated best linear predictor (EBLUP) for local calibration improved the prediction performance, indicating that the heartwood radius and sapwood width could be effectively calibrated by bark thickness while keeping intact the complete inner structure inside the stem. The results provided important information for forest managers and ecologists when selecting appropriate approaches for quantifying the profiles of heartwood, sapwood, and bark. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:27:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb5f284c28034559afd1135b408d49b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:27:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb5f284c28034559afd1135b408d49b52023-11-18T10:27:57ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-06-01146121610.3390/f14061216Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast ChinaYudan Qiao0Sheng-I Yang1Yuanshuo Hao2Zheng Miao3Lihu Dong4Fengri Li5Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaSchool of Natural Resources, University of Tennessee, 427 Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USAKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaHeartwood, sapwood, and bark constitute the main components of the tree stem. The stem is the main component of the tree and plays an important role in supporting the tree and transporting nutrients and water. Therefore, quantifying the profiles of heartwood, sapwood, and bark is fundamental to understanding the different components of the tree stem. A seemingly unrelated mixed-effect model system was developed based on 179 destructively sampled trees for 31 permanent sample plots in Korean larch plantation in Northeast China. The heartwood radius and sapwood width were estimated and calibrated only by the observed bark thickness or by all response variables considering the correlations of submodel random effects. The results indicated that the model system achieved good fitting performance and prediction. In addition, after including one to ten bark thickness points and all response variables of sampling below the 2 m height of the tree, the estimated best linear predictor (EBLUP) for local calibration improved the prediction performance, indicating that the heartwood radius and sapwood width could be effectively calibrated by bark thickness while keeping intact the complete inner structure inside the stem. The results provided important information for forest managers and ecologists when selecting appropriate approaches for quantifying the profiles of heartwood, sapwood, and bark.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/6/1216heartwood radiussapwood widthbark thicknessseemingly unrelated mixed-effect modelcalibrationestimated best linear predictor (EBLUP) |
| spellingShingle | Yudan Qiao Sheng-I Yang Yuanshuo Hao Zheng Miao Lihu Dong Fengri Li Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China Forests heartwood radius sapwood width bark thickness seemingly unrelated mixed-effect model calibration estimated best linear predictor (EBLUP) |
| title | Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China |
| title_full | Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China |
| title_short | Quantifying the Profiles of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark Using a Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effect Model for Larix Olgensis in Northeast China |
| title_sort | quantifying the profiles of heartwood sapwood and bark using a seemingly unrelated mixed effect model for larix olgensis in northeast china |
| topic | heartwood radius sapwood width bark thickness seemingly unrelated mixed-effect model calibration estimated best linear predictor (EBLUP) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/6/1216 |
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