Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses
Vaccinations are a crucial intervention in combating infectious diseases. The three neurotropic Alphaviruses, Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and Western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses, are pathogens of interest for animal health, public health, and biological defense. In both equines and hum...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/273 |
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| author | Zachary R. Stromberg Will Fischer Steven B. Bradfute Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland Peter Hraber |
| author_facet | Zachary R. Stromberg Will Fischer Steven B. Bradfute Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland Peter Hraber |
| author_sort | Zachary R. Stromberg |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vaccinations are a crucial intervention in combating infectious diseases. The three neurotropic Alphaviruses, Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and Western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses, are pathogens of interest for animal health, public health, and biological defense. In both equines and humans, these viruses can cause febrile illness that may progress to encephalitis. Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available for these viruses in humans. Experimental vaccines have shown variable efficacy and may cause severe adverse effects. Here, we outline recent strategies used to generate vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV with an emphasis on virus-vectored and plasmid DNA delivery. Despite candidate vaccines protecting against one of the three viruses, few studies have demonstrated an effective trivalent vaccine. We evaluated the potential of published vaccines to generate cross-reactive protective responses by comparing DNA vaccine sequences to a set of EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV genomes and determining the vaccine coverages of potential epitopes. Finally, we discuss future directions in the development of vaccines to combat EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:24:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bb89773858cd401281802fc99d12730d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:24:06Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-bb89773858cd401281802fc99d12730d2023-11-20T02:44:12ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2020-06-018227310.3390/vaccines8020273Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis VirusesZachary R. Stromberg0Will Fischer1Steven B. Bradfute2Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland3Peter Hraber4Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 505, USATheoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 505, USACenter for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 505, USAPhysical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 505, USATheoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 505, USAVaccinations are a crucial intervention in combating infectious diseases. The three neurotropic Alphaviruses, Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and Western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses, are pathogens of interest for animal health, public health, and biological defense. In both equines and humans, these viruses can cause febrile illness that may progress to encephalitis. Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available for these viruses in humans. Experimental vaccines have shown variable efficacy and may cause severe adverse effects. Here, we outline recent strategies used to generate vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV with an emphasis on virus-vectored and plasmid DNA delivery. Despite candidate vaccines protecting against one of the three viruses, few studies have demonstrated an effective trivalent vaccine. We evaluated the potential of published vaccines to generate cross-reactive protective responses by comparing DNA vaccine sequences to a set of EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV genomes and determining the vaccine coverages of potential epitopes. Finally, we discuss future directions in the development of vaccines to combat EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/273AlphavirusantigensDNA vaccineEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV)vaccineVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) |
| spellingShingle | Zachary R. Stromberg Will Fischer Steven B. Bradfute Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland Peter Hraber Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses Vaccines Alphavirus antigens DNA vaccine Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) vaccine Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) |
| title | Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses |
| title_full | Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses |
| title_fullStr | Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses |
| title_short | Vaccine Advances against Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses |
| title_sort | vaccine advances against venezuelan eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses |
| topic | Alphavirus antigens DNA vaccine Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) vaccine Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/273 |
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