Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS
Geotechnical investigation, in hilly areas, for high-rise projects, becomes a problematic issue and costly process due to difficulties in mobilization and assembling the drilling equipment on mountainous terrains. The objective of this study is to map soil properties of study areas, especially at in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/368 |
| _version_ | 1797446714062274560 |
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| author | Tariq Ahmed Awan Muhammad Usman Arshid Malik Sarmad Riaz Moustafa Houda Mirvat Abdallah Muhammad Shahkar Mirsina Mousavi Aghdam Marc Azab |
| author_facet | Tariq Ahmed Awan Muhammad Usman Arshid Malik Sarmad Riaz Moustafa Houda Mirvat Abdallah Muhammad Shahkar Mirsina Mousavi Aghdam Marc Azab |
| author_sort | Tariq Ahmed Awan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Geotechnical investigation, in hilly areas, for high-rise projects, becomes a problematic issue and costly process due to difficulties in mobilization and assembling the drilling equipment on mountainous terrains. The objective of this study is to map soil properties of study areas, especially at inaccessible sites, for reconnaissance. Digital soil maps for Tehsil Murree, Pakistan, have been developed using the emerging Geographical Information System (GIS). The research work involved the creation of an exhaustive database, by collecting and rectifying geotechnical data, followed by the digitization of the acquired data through integration with GIS, in an attempt to visualize, analyze and interpret the collected geotechnical information spatially. The soil data of 205 explanatory holes were collected from the available geotechnical investigation (GI) reports. The collection depth of soil samples, which were initially used for the design of deep and shallow foundations by different soil consultancies in the Murree area, was approximately 50 ft. below ground level. Appropriate spatial interpolation methods (i.e., the Kriging) were applied for the preparation of smooth surface maps of soil standard penetration tester number values, soil type and plasticity index. The accuracy of developed SPT N value and plasticity maps were then evaluated using the linear regression method, in which the predicted values of soil characteristics from developed maps and actual values were compared. SPT N value maps were developed up to a depth of 9.14 m below ground level and at every 1.52 m interval. The depth of refusal was considered in the developed maps. Soil type and plasticity maps were generated up to 15.24 m depth, again at every 1.52 m intervals, using color contours, considering the maximum predicted foundation depth for high-rise projects. The study has implications for academics and practitioners to map the soil properties for inaccessible sites using GIS, as the resulting maps have high accuracy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:44:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bbab8869038c44b0af12552508d4dc96 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2220-9964 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:44:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
| spelling | doaj.art-bbab8869038c44b0af12552508d4dc962023-11-30T21:02:20ZengMDPI AGISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information2220-99642022-06-0111736810.3390/ijgi11070368Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GISTariq Ahmed Awan0Muhammad Usman Arshid1Malik Sarmad Riaz2Moustafa Houda3Mirvat Abdallah4Muhammad Shahkar5Mirsina Mousavi Aghdam6Marc Azab7Civil Engineering Department - National University of Technology (NUTECH), Islamabad, PakistanUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PakistanCivil Engineering Department - National University of Technology (NUTECH), Islamabad, PakistanCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, KuwaitCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, KuwaitGhulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, PakistanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 2, 09123 Cagliari, ItalyCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, KuwaitGeotechnical investigation, in hilly areas, for high-rise projects, becomes a problematic issue and costly process due to difficulties in mobilization and assembling the drilling equipment on mountainous terrains. The objective of this study is to map soil properties of study areas, especially at inaccessible sites, for reconnaissance. Digital soil maps for Tehsil Murree, Pakistan, have been developed using the emerging Geographical Information System (GIS). The research work involved the creation of an exhaustive database, by collecting and rectifying geotechnical data, followed by the digitization of the acquired data through integration with GIS, in an attempt to visualize, analyze and interpret the collected geotechnical information spatially. The soil data of 205 explanatory holes were collected from the available geotechnical investigation (GI) reports. The collection depth of soil samples, which were initially used for the design of deep and shallow foundations by different soil consultancies in the Murree area, was approximately 50 ft. below ground level. Appropriate spatial interpolation methods (i.e., the Kriging) were applied for the preparation of smooth surface maps of soil standard penetration tester number values, soil type and plasticity index. The accuracy of developed SPT N value and plasticity maps were then evaluated using the linear regression method, in which the predicted values of soil characteristics from developed maps and actual values were compared. SPT N value maps were developed up to a depth of 9.14 m below ground level and at every 1.52 m interval. The depth of refusal was considered in the developed maps. Soil type and plasticity maps were generated up to 15.24 m depth, again at every 1.52 m intervals, using color contours, considering the maximum predicted foundation depth for high-rise projects. The study has implications for academics and practitioners to map the soil properties for inaccessible sites using GIS, as the resulting maps have high accuracy.https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/368Geographical Information System (GIS)spatial interpolationSPT Nplasticity indexsoil maps |
| spellingShingle | Tariq Ahmed Awan Muhammad Usman Arshid Malik Sarmad Riaz Moustafa Houda Mirvat Abdallah Muhammad Shahkar Mirsina Mousavi Aghdam Marc Azab Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information Geographical Information System (GIS) spatial interpolation SPT N plasticity index soil maps |
| title | Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS |
| title_full | Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS |
| title_fullStr | Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS |
| title_short | Sub-Surface Geotechnical Data Visualization of Inaccessible Sites Using GIS |
| title_sort | sub surface geotechnical data visualization of inaccessible sites using gis |
| topic | Geographical Information System (GIS) spatial interpolation SPT N plasticity index soil maps |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/368 |
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