Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress
The present study investigated the changes in the content of steroids and triterpenoids in <i>C. officinalis</i> hairy root cultures and plants exposed to cadmium stress. The observed effects included the content and composition of analyzed groups of compounds, particularly the proportio...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5640 |
| _version_ | 1797499180827017216 |
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| author | Agata Rogowska Cezary Pączkowski Anna Szakiel |
| author_facet | Agata Rogowska Cezary Pączkowski Anna Szakiel |
| author_sort | Agata Rogowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study investigated the changes in the content of steroids and triterpenoids in <i>C. officinalis</i> hairy root cultures and plants exposed to cadmium stress. The observed effects included the content and composition of analyzed groups of compounds, particularly the proportions among individual sterols (e.g., stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio), their ester and glycoside conjugates. The total sterol content increased in roots (by 30%) and hairy root culture (by 44%), whereas it decreased in shoots (by 15%); moreover, these effects were inversely correlated with Cd-induced growth suppression. Metabolic alterations of sterols and their forms seemed to play a greater role in the response to Cd stress in roots than in shoots. The symptoms of the competition between general metabolites (sterols) and specialized metabolites (triterpenoids) were also observed, i.e., the increase of the sterol biosynthesis parallel to the decrease of the triterpenoid content in <i>C. officinalis</i> plant roots and hairy root culture, and the inverse phenomenon in shoots. The similarity of the metabolic modifications observed in the present study on <i>C. officinalis</i> plant roots and hairy roots confirmed the possibility of application of plant in vitro cultures in initial studies for physiological research on plant response to environmental stresses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bbca8b6e2ff6471eb8b6f35101cd02a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bbca8b6e2ff6471eb8b6f35101cd02a12023-11-23T11:26:05ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-05-012310564010.3390/ijms23105640Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium StressAgata Rogowska0Cezary Pączkowski1Anna Szakiel2Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, PolandThe present study investigated the changes in the content of steroids and triterpenoids in <i>C. officinalis</i> hairy root cultures and plants exposed to cadmium stress. The observed effects included the content and composition of analyzed groups of compounds, particularly the proportions among individual sterols (e.g., stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio), their ester and glycoside conjugates. The total sterol content increased in roots (by 30%) and hairy root culture (by 44%), whereas it decreased in shoots (by 15%); moreover, these effects were inversely correlated with Cd-induced growth suppression. Metabolic alterations of sterols and their forms seemed to play a greater role in the response to Cd stress in roots than in shoots. The symptoms of the competition between general metabolites (sterols) and specialized metabolites (triterpenoids) were also observed, i.e., the increase of the sterol biosynthesis parallel to the decrease of the triterpenoid content in <i>C. officinalis</i> plant roots and hairy root culture, and the inverse phenomenon in shoots. The similarity of the metabolic modifications observed in the present study on <i>C. officinalis</i> plant roots and hairy roots confirmed the possibility of application of plant in vitro cultures in initial studies for physiological research on plant response to environmental stresses.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5640abiotic stress<i>Calendula officinalis</i>hairy rootssterolstriterpenoids |
| spellingShingle | Agata Rogowska Cezary Pączkowski Anna Szakiel Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress International Journal of Molecular Sciences abiotic stress <i>Calendula officinalis</i> hairy roots sterols triterpenoids |
| title | Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress |
| title_full | Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress |
| title_fullStr | Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress |
| title_short | Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress |
| title_sort | modulation of steroid and triterpenoid metabolism in em calendula officinalis em plants and hairy root cultures exposed to cadmium stress |
| topic | abiotic stress <i>Calendula officinalis</i> hairy roots sterols triterpenoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5640 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT agatarogowska modulationofsteroidandtriterpenoidmetabolisminemcalendulaofficinalisemplantsandhairyrootculturesexposedtocadmiumstress AT cezarypaczkowski modulationofsteroidandtriterpenoidmetabolisminemcalendulaofficinalisemplantsandhairyrootculturesexposedtocadmiumstress AT annaszakiel modulationofsteroidandtriterpenoidmetabolisminemcalendulaofficinalisemplantsandhairyrootculturesexposedtocadmiumstress |