Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin
Azoxystrobin (AZO) is widely used to prevent and treat fungal diseases in important crops but can also impact non-target organisms, including mammals, amphibians, aquatic, and soil organisms. Collembolans play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, fungal feeders, and regulators of microbes....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/7/1443 |
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| author | Marija Kovačević Nikolina Stjepanović Luca Zelić Željka Lončarić |
| author_facet | Marija Kovačević Nikolina Stjepanović Luca Zelić Željka Lončarić |
| author_sort | Marija Kovačević |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Azoxystrobin (AZO) is widely used to prevent and treat fungal diseases in important crops but can also impact non-target organisms, including mammals, amphibians, aquatic, and soil organisms. Collembolans play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, fungal feeders, and regulators of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AZO on Collembola <i>Folsomia candida</i> using a reproduction test and assess biomarker responses over different time intervals (3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days). Results showed AZO negatively affected reproduction at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg<sub>.</sub>/kg, resulting in decreases of 48.3%, 64.5%, and 81.3%, respectively, compared to the control. Adult survival remained unaffected. The estimated EC50 (reproduction) in artificial soil was 61.28 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. Biomarker responses varied with concentration and time. Protein and glycogen concentrations increased with exposure time, while lipid content was affected initially but returned to control levels by day 28. Oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GST, TBARS) indicated AZO induced oxidative stress, intensifying over time. After 28 days, MDA concentrations were significantly elevated compared to the control, suggesting the antioxidant system is overwhelmed which caused damage to lipid membranes. This study showed that azoxystrobin caused negative effects at molecular and population level on non-target species of Collembola. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:23:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bbd40052572c4c1785f6d2a5856d92a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:23:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-bbd40052572c4c1785f6d2a5856d92a92023-11-18T17:53:58ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-07-01137144310.3390/agriculture13071443Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to AzoxystrobinMarija Kovačević0Nikolina Stjepanović1Luca Zelić2Željka Lončarić3Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaAzoxystrobin (AZO) is widely used to prevent and treat fungal diseases in important crops but can also impact non-target organisms, including mammals, amphibians, aquatic, and soil organisms. Collembolans play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, fungal feeders, and regulators of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AZO on Collembola <i>Folsomia candida</i> using a reproduction test and assess biomarker responses over different time intervals (3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days). Results showed AZO negatively affected reproduction at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg<sub>.</sub>/kg, resulting in decreases of 48.3%, 64.5%, and 81.3%, respectively, compared to the control. Adult survival remained unaffected. The estimated EC50 (reproduction) in artificial soil was 61.28 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. Biomarker responses varied with concentration and time. Protein and glycogen concentrations increased with exposure time, while lipid content was affected initially but returned to control levels by day 28. Oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GST, TBARS) indicated AZO induced oxidative stress, intensifying over time. After 28 days, MDA concentrations were significantly elevated compared to the control, suggesting the antioxidant system is overwhelmed which caused damage to lipid membranes. This study showed that azoxystrobin caused negative effects at molecular and population level on non-target species of Collembola.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/7/1443fungicidenontarget organismssoil pollutionbiomarkersspringtail |
| spellingShingle | Marija Kovačević Nikolina Stjepanović Luca Zelić Željka Lončarić Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin Agriculture fungicide nontarget organisms soil pollution biomarkers springtail |
| title | Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin |
| title_full | Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin |
| title_fullStr | Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin |
| title_short | Temporal Dynamics of Biomarker Response in <i>Folsomia candida</i> Exposed to Azoxystrobin |
| title_sort | temporal dynamics of biomarker response in i folsomia candida i exposed to azoxystrobin |
| topic | fungicide nontarget organisms soil pollution biomarkers springtail |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/7/1443 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marijakovacevic temporaldynamicsofbiomarkerresponseinifolsomiacandidaiexposedtoazoxystrobin AT nikolinastjepanovic temporaldynamicsofbiomarkerresponseinifolsomiacandidaiexposedtoazoxystrobin AT lucazelic temporaldynamicsofbiomarkerresponseinifolsomiacandidaiexposedtoazoxystrobin AT zeljkaloncaric temporaldynamicsofbiomarkerresponseinifolsomiacandidaiexposedtoazoxystrobin |