Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz
Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1850 |
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| author | Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Zubaida Yusoff Azah Syafiah Mohd Marzuki Norsiha Zainudin Yoshihide Yamada |
| author_facet | Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Zubaida Yusoff Azah Syafiah Mohd Marzuki Norsiha Zainudin Yoshihide Yamada |
| author_sort | Noorlindawaty Md Jizat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces issues of insertion losses and size due to the complexity. To address these issues, a dual-layer substrate is connected through the via, and the hybrids are arranged side by side. The dual-layer structure circumvents the crossover elements, while the strip line, hybrids, and via-hole are carefully designed on each BM element. The internal design of BM features a compact size and low-profile structure, with dimensions of 23.26 mm × 28.92 mm (2.17 <i>λ</i><sub>0</sub> × 2.69 <i>λ</i><sub>0</sub>), which is ideally suited for the 5G mmWave communication system. The designed BM measured results show return losses, <i>S<sub>ii</sub></i> and <i>S<sub>jj</sub></i>, of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:21:40Z |
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| id | doaj.art-bbf550eb7778459084a2626d00a0972a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:21:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-bbf550eb7778459084a2626d00a0972a2023-11-23T23:47:13ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-02-01225185010.3390/s22051850Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHzNoorlindawaty Md Jizat0Zubaida Yusoff1Azah Syafiah Mohd Marzuki2Norsiha Zainudin3Yoshihide Yamada4Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, MalaysiaTM R&D Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, MalaysiaCommunication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Johor, MalaysiaCommunication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Johor, MalaysiaFifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces issues of insertion losses and size due to the complexity. To address these issues, a dual-layer substrate is connected through the via, and the hybrids are arranged side by side. The dual-layer structure circumvents the crossover elements, while the strip line, hybrids, and via-hole are carefully designed on each BM element. The internal design of BM features a compact size and low-profile structure, with dimensions of 23.26 mm × 28.92 mm (2.17 <i>λ</i><sub>0</sub> × 2.69 <i>λ</i><sub>0</sub>), which is ideally suited for the 5G mmWave communication system. The designed BM measured results show return losses, <i>S<sub>ii</sub></i> and <i>S<sub>jj</sub></i>, of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1850via-holedual-layerButler matrixcompact sizelow lossmillimeter wave |
| spellingShingle | Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Zubaida Yusoff Azah Syafiah Mohd Marzuki Norsiha Zainudin Yoshihide Yamada Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz Sensors via-hole dual-layer Butler matrix compact size low loss millimeter wave |
| title | Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz |
| title_full | Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz |
| title_fullStr | Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz |
| title_short | Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz |
| title_sort | insertion loss and phase compensation using a circular slot via hole in a compact 5g millimeter wave mmwave butler matrix at 28 ghz |
| topic | via-hole dual-layer Butler matrix compact size low loss millimeter wave |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1850 |
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