Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo.
Toxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world. Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions. The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B (4, 6-diamino-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(3'(2-chloro-, 4-tr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2008-03-01
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| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2254147?pdf=render |
| _version_ | 1818040397604061184 |
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| author | Ernest J Mui Guy A Schiehser Wilbur K Milhous Honghue Hsu Craig W Roberts Michael Kirisits Stephen Muench David Rice J P Dubey Joseph W Fowble Pradipsinh K Rathod Sherry F Queener Susan R Liu David P Jacobus Rima McLeod |
| author_facet | Ernest J Mui Guy A Schiehser Wilbur K Milhous Honghue Hsu Craig W Roberts Michael Kirisits Stephen Muench David Rice J P Dubey Joseph W Fowble Pradipsinh K Rathod Sherry F Queener Susan R Liu David P Jacobus Rima McLeod |
| author_sort | Ernest J Mui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world. Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions. The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B (4, 6-diamino-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(3'(2-chloro-, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)propyloxy)-1, 3, 5-triazine), which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is highly effective against Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and apicomplexans related to T. gondii. JPC-2067-B is the primary metabolite of the orally active biguanide JPC-2056 1-(3'-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyloxy)propyl oxy)- 5-isopropylbiguanide, which is being advanced to clinical trials for malaria. Efficacy of the prodrug JPC-2056 and the active metabolite JPC-2067-B against T. gondii and T. gondii DHFR as well as toxicity toward mammalian cells were tested.Herein, we found that JPC-2067-B is highly effective against T. gondii. We demonstrate that JPC-2067-B inhibits T. gondii growth in culture (IC50 20 nM), inhibits the purified enzyme (IC50 6.5 nM), is more efficacious than pyrimethamine, and is cidal in vitro. JPC-2067-B administered parenterally and the orally administered pro-drug (JPC-2056) are also effective against T. gondii tachyzoites in vivo. A molecular model of T. gondii DHFR-TS complexed with JPC-2067-B was developed. We found that the three main parasite clonal types and isolates from South and Central America, the United States, Canada, China, and Sri Lanka have the same amino acid sequences preserving key binding sites for the triazine.JPC-2056/JPC-2067-B have potential to be more effective and possibly less toxic treatments for toxoplasmosis than currently available medicines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:13:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bc04f46a41f04f7ab9bcc0e6aba37d5f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:13:53Z |
| publishDate | 2008-03-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc04f46a41f04f7ab9bcc0e6aba37d5f2022-12-22T01:56:30ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352008-03-0123e19010.1371/journal.pntd.0000190Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo.Ernest J MuiGuy A SchiehserWilbur K MilhousHonghue HsuCraig W RobertsMichael KirisitsStephen MuenchDavid RiceJ P DubeyJoseph W FowblePradipsinh K RathodSherry F QueenerSusan R LiuDavid P JacobusRima McLeodToxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world. Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions. The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B (4, 6-diamino-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(3'(2-chloro-, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)propyloxy)-1, 3, 5-triazine), which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is highly effective against Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and apicomplexans related to T. gondii. JPC-2067-B is the primary metabolite of the orally active biguanide JPC-2056 1-(3'-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyloxy)propyl oxy)- 5-isopropylbiguanide, which is being advanced to clinical trials for malaria. Efficacy of the prodrug JPC-2056 and the active metabolite JPC-2067-B against T. gondii and T. gondii DHFR as well as toxicity toward mammalian cells were tested.Herein, we found that JPC-2067-B is highly effective against T. gondii. We demonstrate that JPC-2067-B inhibits T. gondii growth in culture (IC50 20 nM), inhibits the purified enzyme (IC50 6.5 nM), is more efficacious than pyrimethamine, and is cidal in vitro. JPC-2067-B administered parenterally and the orally administered pro-drug (JPC-2056) are also effective against T. gondii tachyzoites in vivo. A molecular model of T. gondii DHFR-TS complexed with JPC-2067-B was developed. We found that the three main parasite clonal types and isolates from South and Central America, the United States, Canada, China, and Sri Lanka have the same amino acid sequences preserving key binding sites for the triazine.JPC-2056/JPC-2067-B have potential to be more effective and possibly less toxic treatments for toxoplasmosis than currently available medicines.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2254147?pdf=render |
| spellingShingle | Ernest J Mui Guy A Schiehser Wilbur K Milhous Honghue Hsu Craig W Roberts Michael Kirisits Stephen Muench David Rice J P Dubey Joseph W Fowble Pradipsinh K Rathod Sherry F Queener Susan R Liu David P Jacobus Rima McLeod Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. |
| title_full | Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. |
| title_fullStr | Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. |
| title_short | Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. |
| title_sort | novel triazine jpc 2067 b inhibits toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo |
| url | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2254147?pdf=render |
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