European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe
Abstract Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clini...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16581 |
| _version_ | 1797976878676443136 |
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| author | Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi Agnès Leblond Romain Paillot Nicola Pusterla Eike Steinmann Joy Tomlinson |
| author_facet | Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi Agnès Leblond Romain Paillot Nicola Pusterla Eike Steinmann Joy Tomlinson |
| author_sort | Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations regarding clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The viruses circulating in Europe include West Nile virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus and the equine hepacivirus. West Nile virus and Usutu virus are mosquito‐borne, while tick‐borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill virus are tick‐borne. The natural route of transmission for equine hepacivirus remains speculative. West Nile virus and tick‐borne encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in infected horses. In the British Isle, rare equine cases of encephalitis associated with Louping ill virus are reported. In contrast, equine hepacivirus infections are associated with mild acute hepatitis and possibly chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis of flavivirus infections is made primarily by serology, although cross‐reactivity occurs. Virus neutralization testing is considered the gold standard to differentiate between flavivirus infections in horses. Hepacivirus infection is detected by serum or liver RT‐PCR. No direct antiviral treatment against flavi‐ or hepacivirus infections in horses is currently available and thus, treatment is supportive. Three vaccines against West Nile virus are licensed in the European Union. Geographic expansion of flaviviruses pathogenic for equids should always be considered a realistic threat, and it would be beneficial if their detection was included in surveillance programs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T04:58:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bc162ea629d24b54bc8caec4ae6a4c53 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0891-6640 1939-1676 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T04:58:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc162ea629d24b54bc8caec4ae6a4c532022-12-26T07:32:23ZengWileyJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine0891-66401939-16762022-11-013661858187110.1111/jvim.16581European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in EuropeJessika‐M. V. Cavalleri0Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi1Agnès Leblond2Romain Paillot3Nicola Pusterla4Eike Steinmann5Joy Tomlinson6Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna AustriaClinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna AustriaEPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRAE, VetAgro Sup University of Lyon Marcy l'Etoile FranceSchool of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Writtle University College Chelmsford UKDepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USADepartment of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Ruhr University Bochum Bochum GermanyBaker Institute for Animal Health Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USAAbstract Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations regarding clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The viruses circulating in Europe include West Nile virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus and the equine hepacivirus. West Nile virus and Usutu virus are mosquito‐borne, while tick‐borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill virus are tick‐borne. The natural route of transmission for equine hepacivirus remains speculative. West Nile virus and tick‐borne encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in infected horses. In the British Isle, rare equine cases of encephalitis associated with Louping ill virus are reported. In contrast, equine hepacivirus infections are associated with mild acute hepatitis and possibly chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis of flavivirus infections is made primarily by serology, although cross‐reactivity occurs. Virus neutralization testing is considered the gold standard to differentiate between flavivirus infections in horses. Hepacivirus infection is detected by serum or liver RT‐PCR. No direct antiviral treatment against flavi‐ or hepacivirus infections in horses is currently available and thus, treatment is supportive. Three vaccines against West Nile virus are licensed in the European Union. Geographic expansion of flaviviruses pathogenic for equids should always be considered a realistic threat, and it would be beneficial if their detection was included in surveillance programs.https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16581equidequinegastroenterologyhepatitishepatologymicrobiology |
| spellingShingle | Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi Agnès Leblond Romain Paillot Nicola Pusterla Eike Steinmann Joy Tomlinson European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine equid equine gastroenterology hepatitis hepatology microbiology |
| title | European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe |
| title_full | European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe |
| title_fullStr | European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe |
| title_full_unstemmed | European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe |
| title_short | European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe |
| title_sort | european college of equine internal medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in europe |
| topic | equid equine gastroenterology hepatitis hepatology microbiology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16581 |
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