| Summary: | Research in <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> has gained new traction due to recent advances in molecular biology, namely the widespread use of the metagenomic analysis and the development of a stable genomic transformation system, resulting in a better understanding of <i>Chlamydia</i> pathogenesis. <i>C. trachomatis</i>, the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases, is responsible of cervicitis and urethritis, and <i>C. pneumoniae</i>, a widespread respiratory pathogen, has long been associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases with great impact on public health. The present review summarizes the current evidence regarding the complex interplay between <i>C. trachomatis</i> and host defense factors in the genital micro-environment as well as the key findings in chronic inflammatory diseases associated to <i>C. pneumoniae</i>.
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