Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study
IntroductionThe 2022–2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the most geographically extensive and costly animal health event in U.S. history. In 2022 alone, over 57 million commercial and backyard poultry in 47 U.S. states were affected. Over 75% o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008/full |
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| author | Alice L. Green Matthew Branan Victoria L. Fields Kelly Patyk Stephanie K. Kolar Andrea Beam Katherine Marshall Rachel McGuigan Matthew Vuolo Alexis Freifeld Mia Kim Torchetti Kristina Lantz Amy H. Delgado |
| author_facet | Alice L. Green Matthew Branan Victoria L. Fields Kelly Patyk Stephanie K. Kolar Andrea Beam Katherine Marshall Rachel McGuigan Matthew Vuolo Alexis Freifeld Mia Kim Torchetti Kristina Lantz Amy H. Delgado |
| author_sort | Alice L. Green |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionThe 2022–2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the most geographically extensive and costly animal health event in U.S. history. In 2022 alone, over 57 million commercial and backyard poultry in 47 U.S. states were affected. Over 75% of affected poultry were part of the commercial table egg production sector.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial table egg operations. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare farm characteristics, management, and biosecurity factors on case and control farms.ResultsFactors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, sightings of wild waterfowl, mowing or bush hogging vegetation less than 4 times a month, having an off-site method of daily mortality disposal (off-site composting or burial, rendering, or landfill), and wild bird access to feed/feed ingredients at least some of the time. Protective factors included a high level of vehicle washing for trucks and trailers entering the farm (a composite variable that included having a permanent wash station), having designated personnel assigned to specific barns, having a farm entrance gate, and requiring a change of clothing for workers entering poultry barns.DiscussionStudy results improve our understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and control measures for preventing HPAI on commercial U.S. table egg farms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:56:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bc31b9b04d39408b813f0aeb0b7a90a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:56:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc31b9b04d39408b813f0aeb0b7a90a02023-07-25T17:12:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692023-07-011010.3389/fvets.2023.12290081229008Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control studyAlice L. Green0Matthew Branan1Victoria L. Fields2Kelly Patyk3Stephanie K. Kolar4Andrea Beam5Katherine Marshall6Rachel McGuigan7Matthew Vuolo8Alexis Freifeld9Mia Kim Torchetti10Kristina Lantz11Amy H. Delgado12Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesNational Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United StatesNational Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United StatesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesIntroductionThe 2022–2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the most geographically extensive and costly animal health event in U.S. history. In 2022 alone, over 57 million commercial and backyard poultry in 47 U.S. states were affected. Over 75% of affected poultry were part of the commercial table egg production sector.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial table egg operations. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare farm characteristics, management, and biosecurity factors on case and control farms.ResultsFactors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, sightings of wild waterfowl, mowing or bush hogging vegetation less than 4 times a month, having an off-site method of daily mortality disposal (off-site composting or burial, rendering, or landfill), and wild bird access to feed/feed ingredients at least some of the time. Protective factors included a high level of vehicle washing for trucks and trailers entering the farm (a composite variable that included having a permanent wash station), having designated personnel assigned to specific barns, having a farm entrance gate, and requiring a change of clothing for workers entering poultry barns.DiscussionStudy results improve our understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and control measures for preventing HPAI on commercial U.S. table egg farms.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008/fullavian influenzatable egglayersH5N1highly pathogenic avian influenzacase–control |
| spellingShingle | Alice L. Green Matthew Branan Victoria L. Fields Kelly Patyk Stephanie K. Kolar Andrea Beam Katherine Marshall Rachel McGuigan Matthew Vuolo Alexis Freifeld Mia Kim Torchetti Kristina Lantz Amy H. Delgado Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study Frontiers in Veterinary Science avian influenza table egg layers H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza case–control |
| title | Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study |
| title_full | Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study |
| title_short | Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case–control study |
| title_sort | investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus onto table egg farms in the united states 2022 a case control study |
| topic | avian influenza table egg layers H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza case–control |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008/full |
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