Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices
Currently, it is necessary to maintain the quality of aquifers and water bodies, which means the need for sensors that detect molecules as emerging pollutants (EPs) at low concentrations in aqueous complex solutions. In this work, an electronic tongue (e-tongue) prototype was developed to detect 17β...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/481 |
| _version_ | 1797339434564190208 |
|---|---|
| author | Tiago Reis Maria Helena Fino Maria Raposo |
| author_facet | Tiago Reis Maria Helena Fino Maria Raposo |
| author_sort | Tiago Reis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Currently, it is necessary to maintain the quality of aquifers and water bodies, which means the need for sensors that detect molecules as emerging pollutants (EPs) at low concentrations in aqueous complex solutions. In this work, an electronic tongue (e-tongue) prototype was developed to detect 17β-estradiol in tap water. To achieve such a prototype, an array of sensors was prepared. Each sensor consists of a solid support with interdigitated electrodes without or with thin films prepared with graphene oxide, nanotubes, and other polyelectrolytes molecules adsorbed on them. To collect data from each sensor, impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the electrical characteristics of samples of estrogen solutions with different concentrations. To analyze the collected data from the sensors, principal components analysis (PCA) method was used to create a three-dimensional plane using the calculated principal components, namely PC1 and PC2, and the estrogen concentration values. Then, damped least squares (DLS) was used to find the optimal values for the hyperplane calibration, as the sensitivity of this e-tongue was not represented by a straight line but by a surface. For the collected data, from nanotubes and graphene oxide sensors, a calibration curve for concentration given by the 10<sup>PC1×0.492−PC2×0.14–14.5</sup> surface was achieved. This e-tongue presented a detection limit of 10<sup>−16</sup> M of 17β-estradiol in tap water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:47:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bc3b41e54a114baf8af06e357c48371d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:47:25Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc3b41e54a114baf8af06e357c48371d2024-01-29T14:15:10ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-01-0124248110.3390/s24020481Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex MatricesTiago Reis0Maria Helena Fino1Maria Raposo2Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalCentre for Technology and Systems (LASI-CTS), UNINOVA, Department of Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalCurrently, it is necessary to maintain the quality of aquifers and water bodies, which means the need for sensors that detect molecules as emerging pollutants (EPs) at low concentrations in aqueous complex solutions. In this work, an electronic tongue (e-tongue) prototype was developed to detect 17β-estradiol in tap water. To achieve such a prototype, an array of sensors was prepared. Each sensor consists of a solid support with interdigitated electrodes without or with thin films prepared with graphene oxide, nanotubes, and other polyelectrolytes molecules adsorbed on them. To collect data from each sensor, impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the electrical characteristics of samples of estrogen solutions with different concentrations. To analyze the collected data from the sensors, principal components analysis (PCA) method was used to create a three-dimensional plane using the calculated principal components, namely PC1 and PC2, and the estrogen concentration values. Then, damped least squares (DLS) was used to find the optimal values for the hyperplane calibration, as the sensitivity of this e-tongue was not represented by a straight line but by a surface. For the collected data, from nanotubes and graphene oxide sensors, a calibration curve for concentration given by the 10<sup>PC1×0.492−PC2×0.14–14.5</sup> surface was achieved. This e-tongue presented a detection limit of 10<sup>−16</sup> M of 17β-estradiol in tap water.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/481e-tonguegraphene oxidepolyelectrolyteslayer-by-layer filmsimpedance spectroscopyemerging pollutants |
| spellingShingle | Tiago Reis Maria Helena Fino Maria Raposo Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices Sensors e-tongue graphene oxide polyelectrolytes layer-by-layer films impedance spectroscopy emerging pollutants |
| title | Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices |
| title_full | Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices |
| title_fullStr | Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices |
| title_short | Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices |
| title_sort | graphene oxide carbon nanotubes and polyelectrolytes based impedanciometric e tongue for estrogen detection in complex matrices |
| topic | e-tongue graphene oxide polyelectrolytes layer-by-layer films impedance spectroscopy emerging pollutants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/481 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tiagoreis grapheneoxidecarbonnanotubesandpolyelectrolytesbasedimpedanciometricetongueforestrogendetectionincomplexmatrices AT mariahelenafino grapheneoxidecarbonnanotubesandpolyelectrolytesbasedimpedanciometricetongueforestrogendetectionincomplexmatrices AT mariaraposo grapheneoxidecarbonnanotubesandpolyelectrolytesbasedimpedanciometricetongueforestrogendetectionincomplexmatrices |