Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. The present study demonstrated that the herbal medicines Hepad 1 and 2 protected against 1-methyl-4-ph...
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MDPI AG
2018-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/11/2920 |
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| author | Da Hye Song Gyeong-Ji Kim Kwon Jai Lee Jae Soo Shin Dong-Hee Kim Byung-Jun Park Jeung Hee An |
| author_facet | Da Hye Song Gyeong-Ji Kim Kwon Jai Lee Jae Soo Shin Dong-Hee Kim Byung-Jun Park Jeung Hee An |
| author_sort | Da Hye Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. The present study demonstrated that the herbal medicines Hepad 1 and 2 protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice and SH-SY5Y cells. Hepad 1 and 2 remarkably alleviated the enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, macrophage-1, and phosphorylated iκB-α) and apoptotic signals (Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-3, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1). Additionally, Hepad reduced MPTP-induced oxidative damage by increasing the expression of anti-oxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase) and downregulating the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4. This study also showed that the neuroprotective effects of Hepad include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative properties, in addition to activation of the protein kinase B, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, oral administration of Hepad 1 and 2 attenuated the death of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive substantia nigra neurons that was induced by 20 mg/kg MPTP. Therefore, our results suggest that Hepad 1 and 2 are useful for treating PD and other disorders associated with neuro-inflammatory, neuro-apoptotic, and neuro-oxidative damage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T18:10:11Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T18:10:11Z |
| publishDate | 2018-11-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc3fb06bf8e84be285459c0b57b8608c2022-12-22T00:55:36ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492018-11-012311292010.3390/molecules23112920molecules23112920Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-OxidationDa Hye Song0Gyeong-Ji Kim1Kwon Jai Lee2Jae Soo Shin3Dong-Hee Kim4Byung-Jun Park5Jeung Hee An6Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, KoreaDivision of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, KoreaDepartment of Advanced Materials Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, KoreaDepartment of Advanced Materials Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, KoreaDepartment of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, KoreaDepartment of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, KoreaDivision of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, KoreaParkinson’s disease (PD), a common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. The present study demonstrated that the herbal medicines Hepad 1 and 2 protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice and SH-SY5Y cells. Hepad 1 and 2 remarkably alleviated the enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, macrophage-1, and phosphorylated iκB-α) and apoptotic signals (Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-3, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1). Additionally, Hepad reduced MPTP-induced oxidative damage by increasing the expression of anti-oxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase) and downregulating the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4. This study also showed that the neuroprotective effects of Hepad include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative properties, in addition to activation of the protein kinase B, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, oral administration of Hepad 1 and 2 attenuated the death of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive substantia nigra neurons that was induced by 20 mg/kg MPTP. Therefore, our results suggest that Hepad 1 and 2 are useful for treating PD and other disorders associated with neuro-inflammatory, neuro-apoptotic, and neuro-oxidative damage.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/11/2920Parkinson’s disease1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridineHepadMitigation effectSH-SY5Y cellsSubstantia nigra |
| spellingShingle | Da Hye Song Gyeong-Ji Kim Kwon Jai Lee Jae Soo Shin Dong-Hee Kim Byung-Jun Park Jeung Hee An Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation Molecules Parkinson’s disease 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Hepad Mitigation effect SH-SY5Y cells Substantia nigra |
| title | Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation |
| title_full | Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation |
| title_fullStr | Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation |
| title_short | Mitigation Effects of a Novel Herbal Medicine, Hepad, on Neuroinflammation, Neuroapoptosis, and Neuro-Oxidation |
| title_sort | mitigation effects of a novel herbal medicine hepad on neuroinflammation neuroapoptosis and neuro oxidation |
| topic | Parkinson’s disease 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Hepad Mitigation effect SH-SY5Y cells Substantia nigra |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/11/2920 |
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