| Summary: | This study investigated the chemical and functional characterization of propolis collected in southern Italy, in particular in Basilicata, a region rich in ecological and vegetative biodiversity. Sixteen samples of propolis, collected within a radius of 40 km from each other in the Basilicata region, showed significant differences between the chemical and functional parameters investigated: color index (L*, a*, b*; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and variation in chemical composition and antioxidant activities by ABTS and FRAP assays. In general, Lucanian propolis had a low content of waxes (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and a high content of resin (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and balsams (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The content of the total phenolic compounds and flavonoids was highly variable, as was the biological capacity. In conclusion, Lucanian propolis showed remarkable variability, highlighting significant diversification according to the geographical position and the diversity of the flora surrounding the apiary that the bees use as a source of resin. This study, therefore, contributes to the enhancement of the quality of propolis, laying the foundations for the production and marketing of propolis not only in the food industry but also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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