Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects
This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of lunch timing based on a fixed feeding window, and the effects of apple preload on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after nutrient-balanced lunch and the subsequent high-fat dinner in healthy participants. Twenty-six pa...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/17/3617 |
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| author | Xuejiao Lu Zhihong Fan Anshu Liu Rui Liu Xinling Lou Jiahui Hu |
| author_facet | Xuejiao Lu Zhihong Fan Anshu Liu Rui Liu Xinling Lou Jiahui Hu |
| author_sort | Xuejiao Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of lunch timing based on a fixed feeding window, and the effects of apple preload on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after nutrient-balanced lunch and the subsequent high-fat dinner in healthy participants. Twenty-six participants completed four randomized, crossover experimental trials: (1) early standardized lunch at 12:00 (12S); (2) apple preload to 12S (12A+S); (3) late standardized lunch at 14:00 (14S); and (4) apple preload to 14S (14A+S); wherein twenty participants’ blood samples were collected for insulin analysis following the lunch trails. In each experimental trial, each participant equipped with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was provided with a standardized breakfast and a high-fat dinner to be consumed at 8:00 and 18:00, respectively. The late lunch (14S) resulted in significantly elevated glucose peak, delayed insulin peak time, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin resistance following the lunch; also decreased glycemic response following the subsequent dinner and larger blood glucose fluctuation over the 24-h period compared with the 12S. The 14A+S significantly reduced the glucose peak, the insulin peak time and the glycemic variability following the lunch, also the 24-h glycemic variability compared with the 14S. The insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in the 12A+S, compared with that of the 12S. In conclusion, the present study found that an extra 2-h inter-meal fasting before and after lunch resulted in elevated glycemic response in both macronutrient-balanced meal and high-fat meal in healthy subjects. The negative impact of a late lunch could be partly reversed by the apple preload, without a trade-off of insulin secretion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:25:07Z |
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| id | doaj.art-bc6e0da54f064e1db1cca8be562c2b23 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:25:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc6e0da54f064e1db1cca8be562c2b232023-11-23T13:53:29ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-09-011417361710.3390/nu14173617Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy SubjectsXuejiao Lu0Zhihong Fan1Anshu Liu2Rui Liu3Xinling Lou4Jiahui Hu5College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaThis study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of lunch timing based on a fixed feeding window, and the effects of apple preload on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after nutrient-balanced lunch and the subsequent high-fat dinner in healthy participants. Twenty-six participants completed four randomized, crossover experimental trials: (1) early standardized lunch at 12:00 (12S); (2) apple preload to 12S (12A+S); (3) late standardized lunch at 14:00 (14S); and (4) apple preload to 14S (14A+S); wherein twenty participants’ blood samples were collected for insulin analysis following the lunch trails. In each experimental trial, each participant equipped with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was provided with a standardized breakfast and a high-fat dinner to be consumed at 8:00 and 18:00, respectively. The late lunch (14S) resulted in significantly elevated glucose peak, delayed insulin peak time, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin resistance following the lunch; also decreased glycemic response following the subsequent dinner and larger blood glucose fluctuation over the 24-h period compared with the 12S. The 14A+S significantly reduced the glucose peak, the insulin peak time and the glycemic variability following the lunch, also the 24-h glycemic variability compared with the 14S. The insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in the 12A+S, compared with that of the 12S. In conclusion, the present study found that an extra 2-h inter-meal fasting before and after lunch resulted in elevated glycemic response in both macronutrient-balanced meal and high-fat meal in healthy subjects. The negative impact of a late lunch could be partly reversed by the apple preload, without a trade-off of insulin secretion.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/17/3617meal timinginter-meal intervalapple preloadglucoseinsulin |
| spellingShingle | Xuejiao Lu Zhihong Fan Anshu Liu Rui Liu Xinling Lou Jiahui Hu Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects Nutrients meal timing inter-meal interval apple preload glucose insulin |
| title | Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects |
| title_full | Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects |
| title_fullStr | Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects |
| title_short | Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects |
| title_sort | extended inter meal interval negatively impacted the glycemic and insulinemic responses after both lunch and dinner in healthy subjects |
| topic | meal timing inter-meal interval apple preload glucose insulin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/17/3617 |
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