Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets
BackgroundIn India, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years. Mapping the hotspots of ARIs and the associated risk factors can help understand their association at the district level across India.MethodsData on ARIs in children under 5 years and...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.906248/full |
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| author | Karuppusamy Balasubramani Kumar Arun Prasad Naveen Kumar Kodali Nishadh Kalladath Abdul Rasheed Savitha Chellappan Devojit Kumar Sarma Manoj Kumar Rashi Dixit Meenu Mariya James Sujit Kumar Behera Sulochana Shekhar Praveen Balabaskaran Nina Praveen Balabaskaran Nina |
| author_facet | Karuppusamy Balasubramani Kumar Arun Prasad Naveen Kumar Kodali Nishadh Kalladath Abdul Rasheed Savitha Chellappan Devojit Kumar Sarma Manoj Kumar Rashi Dixit Meenu Mariya James Sujit Kumar Behera Sulochana Shekhar Praveen Balabaskaran Nina Praveen Balabaskaran Nina |
| author_sort | Karuppusamy Balasubramani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundIn India, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years. Mapping the hotspots of ARIs and the associated risk factors can help understand their association at the district level across India.MethodsData on ARIs in children under 5 years and household variables (unclean fuel, improved sanitation, mean maternal BMI, mean household size, mean number of children, median months of breastfeeding the children, percentage of poor households, diarrhea in children, low birth weight, tobacco use, and immunization status of children) were obtained from the National Family Health Survey-4. Surface and ground-monitored PM2.5 and PM10 datasets were collected from the Global Estimates and National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Population density and illiteracy data were extracted from the Census of India. The geographic information system was used for mapping, and ARI hotspots were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic. The quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the association between ARI and household, children, maternal, environmental, and demographic factors.ResultsAcute respiratory infections hotspots were predominantly seen in the north Indian states/UTs of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, and Chandigarh, and also in the border districts of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. There is a substantial overlap among PM2.5, PM10, population density, tobacco smoking, and unclean fuel use with hotspots of ARI. The quasi-Poisson regression analysis showed that PM2.5, illiteracy levels, diarrhea in children, and maternal body mass index were associated with ARI.ConclusionTo decrease ARI in children, urgent interventions are required to reduce the levels of PM2.5 and PM10 (major environmental pollutants) in the hotspot districts. Furthermore, improving sanitation, literacy levels, using clean cooking fuel, and curbing indoor smoking may minimize the risk of ARI in children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:03:51Z |
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| id | doaj.art-bcb3ea35b8e64c6b8ecbd0549783edb5 |
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| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:03:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-bcb3ea35b8e64c6b8ecbd0549783edb52022-12-22T03:01:15ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652022-12-011010.3389/fpubh.2022.906248906248Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasetsKaruppusamy Balasubramani0Kumar Arun Prasad1Naveen Kumar Kodali2Nishadh Kalladath Abdul Rasheed3Savitha Chellappan4Devojit Kumar Sarma5Manoj Kumar6Rashi Dixit7Meenu Mariya James8Sujit Kumar Behera9Sulochana Shekhar10Praveen Balabaskaran Nina11Praveen Balabaskaran Nina12Department of Geography, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Geography, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaIGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), Nairobi, KenyaDepartment of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICMR—National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belgaum, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Molecular Biology, ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Geography, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, IndiaBackgroundIn India, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years. Mapping the hotspots of ARIs and the associated risk factors can help understand their association at the district level across India.MethodsData on ARIs in children under 5 years and household variables (unclean fuel, improved sanitation, mean maternal BMI, mean household size, mean number of children, median months of breastfeeding the children, percentage of poor households, diarrhea in children, low birth weight, tobacco use, and immunization status of children) were obtained from the National Family Health Survey-4. Surface and ground-monitored PM2.5 and PM10 datasets were collected from the Global Estimates and National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Population density and illiteracy data were extracted from the Census of India. The geographic information system was used for mapping, and ARI hotspots were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic. The quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the association between ARI and household, children, maternal, environmental, and demographic factors.ResultsAcute respiratory infections hotspots were predominantly seen in the north Indian states/UTs of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, and Chandigarh, and also in the border districts of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. There is a substantial overlap among PM2.5, PM10, population density, tobacco smoking, and unclean fuel use with hotspots of ARI. The quasi-Poisson regression analysis showed that PM2.5, illiteracy levels, diarrhea in children, and maternal body mass index were associated with ARI.ConclusionTo decrease ARI in children, urgent interventions are required to reduce the levels of PM2.5 and PM10 (major environmental pollutants) in the hotspot districts. Furthermore, improving sanitation, literacy levels, using clean cooking fuel, and curbing indoor smoking may minimize the risk of ARI in children.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.906248/fullARIPM2.5 and PM10unclean cooking fuelGetis-Ord Gi* spatial statisticNFHS-4 |
| spellingShingle | Karuppusamy Balasubramani Kumar Arun Prasad Naveen Kumar Kodali Nishadh Kalladath Abdul Rasheed Savitha Chellappan Devojit Kumar Sarma Manoj Kumar Rashi Dixit Meenu Mariya James Sujit Kumar Behera Sulochana Shekhar Praveen Balabaskaran Nina Praveen Balabaskaran Nina Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets Frontiers in Public Health ARI PM2.5 and PM10 unclean cooking fuel Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic NFHS-4 |
| title | Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets |
| title_full | Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets |
| title_fullStr | Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets |
| title_short | Spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in India: District-level analysis of health, household, and environmental datasets |
| title_sort | spatial epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years and associated risk factors in india district level analysis of health household and environmental datasets |
| topic | ARI PM2.5 and PM10 unclean cooking fuel Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic NFHS-4 |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.906248/full |
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