Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i>
<i>Panax ginseng</i>, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/3/444 |
| _version_ | 1818954969629327360 |
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| author | Dong-Soon Im |
| author_facet | Dong-Soon Im |
| author_sort | Dong-Soon Im |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Panax ginseng</i>, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with purified ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh2, as well as compound K. The negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzyme expressions (iNOS and COX-2) was found as the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenosides in M1-polarized macrophages and microglia. Recently, another action mechanism emerged explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng. This is a pro-resolution of inflammation derived by M2-polarized macrophages. Direct and indirect evidence supports how several ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, and Rg1) induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and microglia, and how these M2-polarized cells contribute to the suppression of inflammation progression and promotion of inflammation resolution. In this review, the new action mechanism of ginseng anti-inflammation is summarized. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T10:30:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bcc7b1f0a3cd40c9b2df6ee34421910f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T10:30:37Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-bcc7b1f0a3cd40c9b2df6ee34421910f2022-12-21T19:43:44ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2020-03-0110344410.3390/biom10030444biom10030444Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i>Dong-Soon Im0Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea<i>Panax ginseng</i>, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with purified ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh2, as well as compound K. The negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzyme expressions (iNOS and COX-2) was found as the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenosides in M1-polarized macrophages and microglia. Recently, another action mechanism emerged explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng. This is a pro-resolution of inflammation derived by M2-polarized macrophages. Direct and indirect evidence supports how several ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, and Rg1) induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and microglia, and how these M2-polarized cells contribute to the suppression of inflammation progression and promotion of inflammation resolution. In this review, the new action mechanism of ginseng anti-inflammation is summarized.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/3/444ginsenosideanti-inflammationpro-resolvingginsengmacrophagem2 polarization |
| spellingShingle | Dong-Soon Im Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> Biomolecules ginsenoside anti-inflammation pro-resolving ginseng macrophage m2 polarization |
| title | Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> |
| title_full | Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> |
| title_fullStr | Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> |
| title_short | Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of <i>Panax ginseng</i> |
| title_sort | pro resolving effect of ginsenosides as an anti inflammatory mechanism of i panax ginseng i |
| topic | ginsenoside anti-inflammation pro-resolving ginseng macrophage m2 polarization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/3/444 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dongsoonim proresolvingeffectofginsenosidesasanantiinflammatorymechanismofipanaxginsengi |