Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting
Warm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repre...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13509 |
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| author | Manman Hu Zhengyang Qi Zheng Ren Jing Tong Baoju Wang Zhanhui Wu Jinghong Hao Ning Liu |
| author_facet | Manman Hu Zhengyang Qi Zheng Ren Jing Tong Baoju Wang Zhanhui Wu Jinghong Hao Ning Liu |
| author_sort | Manman Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Warm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repress the expression of downstream genes in response to developmental and environmental cues. However, the relationship between ARFs and bolting has not been completely understood in lettuce yet. Here, we identified 24 <i>LsARF</i>s (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> ARFs) in the lettuce genome. The phylogenetic tree indicated that LsARFs could be classified into three clusters, which was well supported by the analysis of exon–intron structure, consensus motifs, and domain compositions. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more than half of the <i>LsARF</i>s were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas a small number of LsARFs responded to UV or cadmium stresses. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of most <i>LsARF</i>s could be activated by more than one phytohormone, underling their key roles as integrative hubs of different phytohormone signaling pathways. Importantly, the majority of <i>LsARF</i>s displayed altered expression profiles under warm temperatures, implying that their functions were tightly associated with thermally accelerated bolting in lettuce. Importantly, we demonstrated that silencing of <i>LsARF8a,</i> expression of which was significantly increased by elevated temperatures, resulted in delayed bolting under warm temperatures, suggesting that <i>LsARF8a</i> might conduce to the thermally induced bolting. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the <i>LsARF</i> gene family in lettuce, which will facilitate the genetic improvement of the lettuce in an era of global warming. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:59:55Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:59:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bcca99844188421291eac981aa023a6e2023-11-24T05:09:05ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-11-0123211350910.3390/ijms232113509Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced BoltingManman Hu0Zhengyang Qi1Zheng Ren2Jing Tong3Baoju Wang4Zhanhui Wu5Jinghong Hao6Ning Liu7National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaWarm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repress the expression of downstream genes in response to developmental and environmental cues. However, the relationship between ARFs and bolting has not been completely understood in lettuce yet. Here, we identified 24 <i>LsARF</i>s (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> ARFs) in the lettuce genome. The phylogenetic tree indicated that LsARFs could be classified into three clusters, which was well supported by the analysis of exon–intron structure, consensus motifs, and domain compositions. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more than half of the <i>LsARF</i>s were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas a small number of LsARFs responded to UV or cadmium stresses. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of most <i>LsARF</i>s could be activated by more than one phytohormone, underling their key roles as integrative hubs of different phytohormone signaling pathways. Importantly, the majority of <i>LsARF</i>s displayed altered expression profiles under warm temperatures, implying that their functions were tightly associated with thermally accelerated bolting in lettuce. Importantly, we demonstrated that silencing of <i>LsARF8a,</i> expression of which was significantly increased by elevated temperatures, resulted in delayed bolting under warm temperatures, suggesting that <i>LsARF8a</i> might conduce to the thermally induced bolting. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the <i>LsARF</i> gene family in lettuce, which will facilitate the genetic improvement of the lettuce in an era of global warming.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13509auxin response factor<i>Lactuca sativa</i>genome-wide analysisARF8thermally induced boltinggene expression |
| spellingShingle | Manman Hu Zhengyang Qi Zheng Ren Jing Tong Baoju Wang Zhanhui Wu Jinghong Hao Ning Liu Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting International Journal of Molecular Sciences auxin response factor <i>Lactuca sativa</i> genome-wide analysis ARF8 thermally induced bolting gene expression |
| title | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
| title_sort | genome wide analysis of auxin response factors in lettuce i lactuca sativa i l reveals the positive roles of lsarf8a in thermally induced bolting |
| topic | auxin response factor <i>Lactuca sativa</i> genome-wide analysis ARF8 thermally induced bolting gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13509 |
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