Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods
The characterization of temporal and spatial patterns in phosphorus (P) loading in Lake Erie is essential in order to continue monitoring the excessive P condition that comes from the western Lake Erie Basin. This study aims to perform such a characterization using the continuous wavelet transform (...
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MDPI AG
2018-09-01
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| Series: | Hydrology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/5/3/50 |
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| author | Suresh Sharma Deasy Nalley Naba Subedi |
| author_facet | Suresh Sharma Deasy Nalley Naba Subedi |
| author_sort | Suresh Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The characterization of temporal and spatial patterns in phosphorus (P) loading in Lake Erie is essential in order to continue monitoring the excessive P condition that comes from the western Lake Erie Basin. This study aims to perform such a characterization using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods. These wavelet transformations were conducted on streamflow data, TP loads, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of six stations located near Lake Erie of Northern Ohio. These stations are located near the outlet of Cuyahoga, Grand, Maumee, Vermilion, Raisin, and Sandusky watersheds. Long-term continuous P loading data, in which some dated back to 1970, were used in the analysis. The results obtained from the CWT and DWT approaches were found to complement each other. Streamflow had significant mixed variability at 1, 2, and 4 years. The variability for SRP was limited to 1 and 2 years while the TP variability was only seen at the 1-year scale. It was interesting to find that strong temporal patterns of SRP were observed in most of the watersheds only after the mid-1990s. The CWT wavelet spectra also reflected the land use characteristics of each watershed. For example, the wavelet spectra of surface runoff and TP for the agricultural watersheds (i.e., Raisin, Sandusky, and Maumee Rivers) were similar and characterized by significant variability primarily at the annual scale and at the two to four-year periodicities. The urbanized watershed (i.e., Cuyahoga River) did not show any association between either phosphorus (TP or SRP) with surface runoff and baseflow, which indicates that P in the urbanized watershed was not driven by the flow. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-15T00:09:15Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-bce0be762471493995636c45b5cfe5442022-12-21T22:42:38ZengMDPI AGHydrology2306-53382018-09-01535010.3390/hydrology5030050hydrology5030050Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform MethodsSuresh Sharma0Deasy Nalley1Naba Subedi2Civil and Environmental Engineering Program, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USADepartment of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, CanadaCivil and Environmental Engineering Program, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USAThe characterization of temporal and spatial patterns in phosphorus (P) loading in Lake Erie is essential in order to continue monitoring the excessive P condition that comes from the western Lake Erie Basin. This study aims to perform such a characterization using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods. These wavelet transformations were conducted on streamflow data, TP loads, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of six stations located near Lake Erie of Northern Ohio. These stations are located near the outlet of Cuyahoga, Grand, Maumee, Vermilion, Raisin, and Sandusky watersheds. Long-term continuous P loading data, in which some dated back to 1970, were used in the analysis. The results obtained from the CWT and DWT approaches were found to complement each other. Streamflow had significant mixed variability at 1, 2, and 4 years. The variability for SRP was limited to 1 and 2 years while the TP variability was only seen at the 1-year scale. It was interesting to find that strong temporal patterns of SRP were observed in most of the watersheds only after the mid-1990s. The CWT wavelet spectra also reflected the land use characteristics of each watershed. For example, the wavelet spectra of surface runoff and TP for the agricultural watersheds (i.e., Raisin, Sandusky, and Maumee Rivers) were similar and characterized by significant variability primarily at the annual scale and at the two to four-year periodicities. The urbanized watershed (i.e., Cuyahoga River) did not show any association between either phosphorus (TP or SRP) with surface runoff and baseflow, which indicates that P in the urbanized watershed was not driven by the flow.http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/5/3/50wavelet analysiscontinuous wavelet transformdiscrete wavelet transformLake Erietotal phosphorusstreamflowsoluble reactive phosphorus |
| spellingShingle | Suresh Sharma Deasy Nalley Naba Subedi Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods Hydrology wavelet analysis continuous wavelet transform discrete wavelet transform Lake Erie total phosphorus streamflow soluble reactive phosphorus |
| title | Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods |
| title_full | Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods |
| title_short | Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods |
| title_sort | characterization of temporal and spatial variability of phosphorus loading to lake erie from the western basin using wavelet transform methods |
| topic | wavelet analysis continuous wavelet transform discrete wavelet transform Lake Erie total phosphorus streamflow soluble reactive phosphorus |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/5/3/50 |
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