Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering
Tendons are responsible for transmitting mechanical forces from muscles to bones for body locomotion and joint stability. However, tendons are frequently damaged with high mechanical forces. Various methods have been utilized for repairing damaged tendons, including sutures, soft tissue anchors, and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2313 |
| _version_ | 1797598548909359104 |
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| author | Kihoon Kim Hyosung Kim Sunhee Do Hwiyool Kim |
| author_facet | Kihoon Kim Hyosung Kim Sunhee Do Hwiyool Kim |
| author_sort | Kihoon Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tendons are responsible for transmitting mechanical forces from muscles to bones for body locomotion and joint stability. However, tendons are frequently damaged with high mechanical forces. Various methods have been utilized for repairing damaged tendons, including sutures, soft tissue anchors, and biological grafts. However, tendons experience a higher rate of retear post-surgery due to their low cellularity and vascularity. Surgically sutured tendons are vulnerable to reinjury due to their inferior functionality when compared with native tendons. Surgical treatment using biological grafts also has complications such as joint stiffness, re-rupture, and donor-site morbidity. Therefore, current research is focused on developing novel materials that can facilitate the regeneration of tendons with histological and mechanical characteristics similar to those of intact tendons. With respect to the complications in association with the surgical treatment of tendon injuries, electrospinning may be an alternative for tendon tissue engineering. Electrospinning is an effective method for fabrication of polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Thus, this method produces nanofibrous membranes with an extremely high surface area-to-volume ratio, which is similar to the extracellular matrix structure, making them suitable candidates for application in tissue engineering. Moreover, it is possible to fabricate nanofibers with specific orientations that are similar to those of the native tendon tissue using an adequate collector. To increase the hydrophilicity of the electrospun nanofibers, natural polymers in addition to synthetic polymers are used concurrently. Therefore, in this study, aligned nanofibers composed of poly-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d,l</span>-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and small intestine submucosa (SIS) were fabricated using electrospinning with rotating mandrel. The diameter of aligned PLGA/SIS nanofibers was 568.44 ± 135.594 nm, which closely resembles that of native collagen fibrils. Compared to the results of the control group, the mechanical strength exhibited by the aligned nanofibers was anisotropic in terms of break strain, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Elongated cellular behavior was observed in the aligned PLGA/SIS nanofibers using confocal laser scanning microscopy, indicating that the aligned nanofibers were highly effective with regard to tendon tissue engineering. In conclusion, considering its mechanical properties and cellular behavior, aligned PLGA/SIS is a promising candidate for tendon tissue engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:22:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bce3b87072964da1b1652821df032645 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:22:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-bce3b87072964da1b1652821df0326452023-11-18T02:58:18ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-05-011510231310.3390/polym15102313Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue EngineeringKihoon Kim0Hyosung Kim1Sunhee Do2Hwiyool Kim3Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaTendons are responsible for transmitting mechanical forces from muscles to bones for body locomotion and joint stability. However, tendons are frequently damaged with high mechanical forces. Various methods have been utilized for repairing damaged tendons, including sutures, soft tissue anchors, and biological grafts. However, tendons experience a higher rate of retear post-surgery due to their low cellularity and vascularity. Surgically sutured tendons are vulnerable to reinjury due to their inferior functionality when compared with native tendons. Surgical treatment using biological grafts also has complications such as joint stiffness, re-rupture, and donor-site morbidity. Therefore, current research is focused on developing novel materials that can facilitate the regeneration of tendons with histological and mechanical characteristics similar to those of intact tendons. With respect to the complications in association with the surgical treatment of tendon injuries, electrospinning may be an alternative for tendon tissue engineering. Electrospinning is an effective method for fabrication of polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Thus, this method produces nanofibrous membranes with an extremely high surface area-to-volume ratio, which is similar to the extracellular matrix structure, making them suitable candidates for application in tissue engineering. Moreover, it is possible to fabricate nanofibers with specific orientations that are similar to those of the native tendon tissue using an adequate collector. To increase the hydrophilicity of the electrospun nanofibers, natural polymers in addition to synthetic polymers are used concurrently. Therefore, in this study, aligned nanofibers composed of poly-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d,l</span>-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and small intestine submucosa (SIS) were fabricated using electrospinning with rotating mandrel. The diameter of aligned PLGA/SIS nanofibers was 568.44 ± 135.594 nm, which closely resembles that of native collagen fibrils. Compared to the results of the control group, the mechanical strength exhibited by the aligned nanofibers was anisotropic in terms of break strain, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Elongated cellular behavior was observed in the aligned PLGA/SIS nanofibers using confocal laser scanning microscopy, indicating that the aligned nanofibers were highly effective with regard to tendon tissue engineering. In conclusion, considering its mechanical properties and cellular behavior, aligned PLGA/SIS is a promising candidate for tendon tissue engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2313electrospinningNIH-3T3poly-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d,l</span>-lactide-co-glycolidescaffoldsmall intestinal submucosatendon |
| spellingShingle | Kihoon Kim Hyosung Kim Sunhee Do Hwiyool Kim Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering Polymers electrospinning NIH-3T3 poly-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d,l</span>-lactide-co-glycolide scaffold small intestinal submucosa tendon |
| title | Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering |
| title_full | Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering |
| title_fullStr | Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering |
| title_short | Potential of Aligned Electrospun PLGA/SIS Blended Nanofibrous Membrane for Tendon Tissue Engineering |
| title_sort | potential of aligned electrospun plga sis blended nanofibrous membrane for tendon tissue engineering |
| topic | electrospinning NIH-3T3 poly-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d,l</span>-lactide-co-glycolide scaffold small intestinal submucosa tendon |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2313 |
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