Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation
The sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained fr...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/701 |
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| author | Cheng-Hsuan Chen Kuo-Kai Shyu Cheng-Kai Lu Chi-Wen Jao Po-Lei Lee |
| author_facet | Cheng-Hsuan Chen Kuo-Kai Shyu Cheng-Kai Lu Chi-Wen Jao Po-Lei Lee |
| author_sort | Cheng-Hsuan Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained from the prefrontal cortex. These data included odor stimuli and air state, which triggered the hemodynamic response function (HRF), determined from variations in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) levels; photoplethysmography (PPG) of two wavelengths (raw optical red and near-infrared data); and the ratios of data from two optical datasets. We adopted three SVM kernel functions (i.e., linear, quadratic, and cubic) to analyze signals and compare their performance with the HRF and PPG signals. The results revealed that oxyHb yielded the most efficient single-signal data with a quadratic kernel function, and a combination of HRF and PPG signals yielded the most efficient multi-signal data with the cubic function. Our results revealed superior SVM analysis of HRFs for classifying odor and air status using fNIRS data during olfaction in humans. Furthermore, the olfactory stimulation can be accurately classified by using quadratic and cubic kernel functions in SVM, even for an individual participant data set. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:01:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bce511a6b46f45e3827e1762ff50f640 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:01:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bce511a6b46f45e3827e1762ff50f6402023-11-21T21:27:07ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252021-05-0111670110.3390/brainsci11060701Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory StimulationCheng-Hsuan Chen0Kuo-Kai Shyu1Cheng-Kai Lu2Chi-Wen Jao3Po-Lei Lee4Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, TaiwanInstitute of Health & Analytics for Personalised Care, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskander 32610, Perak, MalaysiaInstitute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, TaiwanThe sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained from the prefrontal cortex. These data included odor stimuli and air state, which triggered the hemodynamic response function (HRF), determined from variations in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) levels; photoplethysmography (PPG) of two wavelengths (raw optical red and near-infrared data); and the ratios of data from two optical datasets. We adopted three SVM kernel functions (i.e., linear, quadratic, and cubic) to analyze signals and compare their performance with the HRF and PPG signals. The results revealed that oxyHb yielded the most efficient single-signal data with a quadratic kernel function, and a combination of HRF and PPG signals yielded the most efficient multi-signal data with the cubic function. Our results revealed superior SVM analysis of HRFs for classifying odor and air status using fNIRS data during olfaction in humans. Furthermore, the olfactory stimulation can be accurately classified by using quadratic and cubic kernel functions in SVM, even for an individual participant data set.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/701functional near-infrared spectroscopyolfactionhemoglobin response functionsupport vector machineclassificationmachine learning technique |
| spellingShingle | Cheng-Hsuan Chen Kuo-Kai Shyu Cheng-Kai Lu Chi-Wen Jao Po-Lei Lee Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation Brain Sciences functional near-infrared spectroscopy olfaction hemoglobin response function support vector machine classification machine learning technique |
| title | Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation |
| title_full | Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation |
| title_fullStr | Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation |
| title_short | Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation |
| title_sort | classification of prefrontal cortex activity based on functional near infrared spectroscopy data upon olfactory stimulation |
| topic | functional near-infrared spectroscopy olfaction hemoglobin response function support vector machine classification machine learning technique |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/701 |
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