A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains
Blockchain technology affords data integrity protection and building trust mechanisms in transactions for distributed networks, and, therefore, is seen as a promising revolutionary information technology. At the same time, the ongoing breakthrough in quantum computation technology contributes toward...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Entropy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/811 |
| _version_ | 1797600185451282432 |
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| author | Ang Liu Xiu-Bo Chen Shengwei Xu Zhuo Wang Zhengyang Li Liwei Xu Yanshuo Zhang Ying Chen |
| author_facet | Ang Liu Xiu-Bo Chen Shengwei Xu Zhuo Wang Zhengyang Li Liwei Xu Yanshuo Zhang Ying Chen |
| author_sort | Ang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blockchain technology affords data integrity protection and building trust mechanisms in transactions for distributed networks, and, therefore, is seen as a promising revolutionary information technology. At the same time, the ongoing breakthrough in quantum computation technology contributes toward large-scale quantum computers, which might attack classic cryptography, seriously threatening the classic cryptography security currently employed in the blockchain. As a better alternative, a quantum blockchain has high expectations of being immune to quantum computing attacks perpetrated by quantum adversaries. Although several works have been presented, the problems of impracticality and inefficiency in quantum blockchain systems remain prominent and need to be addressed. First, this paper develops a quantum-secure blockchain (QSB) scheme by introducing a consensus mechanism—quantum proof of authority (QPoA) and an identity-based quantum signature (IQS)—wherein QPoA is used for new block generation and IQS is used for transaction signing and verification. Second, QPoA is developed by adopting a quantum voting protocol to achieve secure and efficient decentralization for the blockchain system, and a quantum random number generator (QRNG) is deployed for randomized leader node election to protect the blockchain system from centralized attacks like distributed denial of service (DDoS). Compared to previous work, our scheme is more practical and efficient without sacrificing security, greatly contributing to better addressing the challenges in the quantum era. Extensive security analysis demonstrates that our scheme provides better protection against quantum computing attacks than classic blockchains. Overall, our scheme presents a feasible solution for blockchain systems against quantum computing attacks through a quantum strategy, contributing toward quantum-secured blockchain in the quantum era. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:46:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bd416d84dfd14764a36a01e799db4379 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1099-4300 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:46:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Entropy |
| spelling | doaj.art-bd416d84dfd14764a36a01e799db43792023-11-18T01:16:43ZengMDPI AGEntropy1099-43002023-05-0125581110.3390/e25050811A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical BlockchainsAng Liu0Xiu-Bo Chen1Shengwei Xu2Zhuo Wang3Zhengyang Li4Liwei Xu5Yanshuo Zhang6Ying Chen7Information Security Center, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, ChinaInformation Security Center, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, ChinaBeijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, ChinaSchool of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, ChinaBeijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, ChinaBeijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, ChinaBeijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, ChinaBeijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, ChinaBlockchain technology affords data integrity protection and building trust mechanisms in transactions for distributed networks, and, therefore, is seen as a promising revolutionary information technology. At the same time, the ongoing breakthrough in quantum computation technology contributes toward large-scale quantum computers, which might attack classic cryptography, seriously threatening the classic cryptography security currently employed in the blockchain. As a better alternative, a quantum blockchain has high expectations of being immune to quantum computing attacks perpetrated by quantum adversaries. Although several works have been presented, the problems of impracticality and inefficiency in quantum blockchain systems remain prominent and need to be addressed. First, this paper develops a quantum-secure blockchain (QSB) scheme by introducing a consensus mechanism—quantum proof of authority (QPoA) and an identity-based quantum signature (IQS)—wherein QPoA is used for new block generation and IQS is used for transaction signing and verification. Second, QPoA is developed by adopting a quantum voting protocol to achieve secure and efficient decentralization for the blockchain system, and a quantum random number generator (QRNG) is deployed for randomized leader node election to protect the blockchain system from centralized attacks like distributed denial of service (DDoS). Compared to previous work, our scheme is more practical and efficient without sacrificing security, greatly contributing to better addressing the challenges in the quantum era. Extensive security analysis demonstrates that our scheme provides better protection against quantum computing attacks than classic blockchains. Overall, our scheme presents a feasible solution for blockchain systems against quantum computing attacks through a quantum strategy, contributing toward quantum-secured blockchain in the quantum era.https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/811quantum blockchainquantum signatureQPoApost-quantum |
| spellingShingle | Ang Liu Xiu-Bo Chen Shengwei Xu Zhuo Wang Zhengyang Li Liwei Xu Yanshuo Zhang Ying Chen A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains Entropy quantum blockchain quantum signature QPoA post-quantum |
| title | A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains |
| title_full | A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains |
| title_fullStr | A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains |
| title_short | A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains |
| title_sort | secure scheme based on a hybrid of classical quantum communications protocols for managing classical blockchains |
| topic | quantum blockchain quantum signature QPoA post-quantum |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/25/5/811 |
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