A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in ver...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981/full |
| _version_ | 1818944077321732096 |
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| author | Emilio J. Vélez Suraj Unniappan |
| author_facet | Emilio J. Vélez Suraj Unniappan |
| author_sort | Emilio J. Vélez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1–like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T07:37:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bd5b346eb5034cd68961485f45acb4b9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T07:37:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-bd5b346eb5034cd68961485f45acb4b92022-12-21T19:48:15ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922021-02-011110.3389/fendo.2020.614981614981A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in VertebratesEmilio J. VélezSuraj UnniappanGrowth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1–like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981/fullgrowth hormonehormonespituitarysomatotrophs cellsneuropeptidesvertebrates |
| spellingShingle | Emilio J. Vélez Suraj Unniappan A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates Frontiers in Endocrinology growth hormone hormones pituitary somatotrophs cells neuropeptides vertebrates |
| title | A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates |
| title_full | A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates |
| title_fullStr | A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates |
| title_short | A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates |
| title_sort | comparative update on the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone in vertebrates |
| topic | growth hormone hormones pituitary somatotrophs cells neuropeptides vertebrates |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981/full |
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