Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats
It has been suggested that spinach methanolic extract (SME) inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are increased during diabetes progression, so it is important to know if SME has beneficial effects in the diabetic retina. In this study, in vitro assays showed that S...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/5/717 |
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| author | Rocio Bautista-Pérez Agustina Cano-Martínez Elisa Gutiérrez-Velázquez Martín Martínez-Rosas Rosa M. Pérez-Gutiérrez Francisco Jiménez-Gómez Javier Flores-Estrada |
| author_facet | Rocio Bautista-Pérez Agustina Cano-Martínez Elisa Gutiérrez-Velázquez Martín Martínez-Rosas Rosa M. Pérez-Gutiérrez Francisco Jiménez-Gómez Javier Flores-Estrada |
| author_sort | Rocio Bautista-Pérez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It has been suggested that spinach methanolic extract (SME) inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are increased during diabetes progression, so it is important to know if SME has beneficial effects in the diabetic retina. In this study, in vitro assays showed that SME inhibits glycation, carbonyl groups formation, and reduced-thiol groups depletion in bovine serum albumin incubated either reducing sugars or methylglyoxal. The SME effect in retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) was also studied (<i>n</i> = 10) in the normoglycemic group, STZ, STZ rats treated with SME, and STZ rats treated with aminoguanidine (anti-AGEs reference group) during 12 weeks. The retina was sectioned and immunostained for Nε-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), receptor RAGE, NADPH-Nox4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), nuclear NF-κB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B protein, and TUNEL assay. Lipid peroxidation was determined in the whole retina by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The results showed that in the diabetic retina, SME reduced the CML-RAGE co-localization, oxidative stress (NOX4, iNOS, NT, MDA), inflammation (NF-κB, VEGF, S100B, GFAP), and apoptosis (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Therefore, SME could attenuate the retinal degeneration by inhibition of CML–RAGE interaction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:43:40Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:43:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-bd5ec5a1604c419590d328fcc686a9ca2023-11-21T18:16:56ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-05-0110571710.3390/antiox10050717Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic RatsRocio Bautista-Pérez0Agustina Cano-Martínez1Elisa Gutiérrez-Velázquez2Martín Martínez-Rosas3Rosa M. Pérez-Gutiérrez4Francisco Jiménez-Gómez5Javier Flores-Estrada6Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, MexicoLaboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Ciudad de México 07708, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, MexicoLaboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Ciudad de México 07708, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07760, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, MexicoIt has been suggested that spinach methanolic extract (SME) inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are increased during diabetes progression, so it is important to know if SME has beneficial effects in the diabetic retina. In this study, in vitro assays showed that SME inhibits glycation, carbonyl groups formation, and reduced-thiol groups depletion in bovine serum albumin incubated either reducing sugars or methylglyoxal. The SME effect in retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) was also studied (<i>n</i> = 10) in the normoglycemic group, STZ, STZ rats treated with SME, and STZ rats treated with aminoguanidine (anti-AGEs reference group) during 12 weeks. The retina was sectioned and immunostained for Nε-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), receptor RAGE, NADPH-Nox4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), nuclear NF-κB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B protein, and TUNEL assay. Lipid peroxidation was determined in the whole retina by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The results showed that in the diabetic retina, SME reduced the CML-RAGE co-localization, oxidative stress (NOX4, iNOS, NT, MDA), inflammation (NF-κB, VEGF, S100B, GFAP), and apoptosis (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Therefore, SME could attenuate the retinal degeneration by inhibition of CML–RAGE interaction.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/5/717spinachdiabetic retinopathyadvanced glycation end productsoxidative stressinflammationRAGE |
| spellingShingle | Rocio Bautista-Pérez Agustina Cano-Martínez Elisa Gutiérrez-Velázquez Martín Martínez-Rosas Rosa M. Pérez-Gutiérrez Francisco Jiménez-Gómez Javier Flores-Estrada Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats Antioxidants spinach diabetic retinopathy advanced glycation end products oxidative stress inflammation RAGE |
| title | Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats |
| title_full | Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats |
| title_fullStr | Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats |
| title_short | Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats |
| title_sort | spinach methanolic extract attenuates the retinal degeneration in diabetic rats |
| topic | spinach diabetic retinopathy advanced glycation end products oxidative stress inflammation RAGE |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/5/717 |
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