Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
As poultry organ meat is widely consumed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, there is reason to investigate it as a source of <i>Salmonella</i> infections in humans. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence factors and antimic...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| author | Lindokuhle Ndlovu Patrick Butaye Tsolanku. S. Maliehe Kudakwashe Magwedere Bongi B. Mankonkwana Albertus K. Basson Siyanda. S. Ngema Evelyn Madoroba |
| author_facet | Lindokuhle Ndlovu Patrick Butaye Tsolanku. S. Maliehe Kudakwashe Magwedere Bongi B. Mankonkwana Albertus K. Basson Siyanda. S. Ngema Evelyn Madoroba |
| author_sort | Lindokuhle Ndlovu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As poultry organ meat is widely consumed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, there is reason to investigate it as a source of <i>Salmonella</i> infections in humans. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> isolated from chicken offal from retail outlets in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Samples (<i>n</i> = 446) were cultured for the detection of <i>Salmonella</i> using ISO 6579-1:2017. Presumptive <i>Salmonella</i> were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. <i>Salmonella</i> isolates were serotyped using the Kauffmann–White–Le Minor scheme and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. A conventional PCR was used for the detection of <i>Salmonella invA</i>, <i>agfA</i>, <i>lpfA</i> and <i>sivH</i> virulence genes. Of the 446 offal samples, 13 tested positive for <i>Salmonella</i> (2.91%; CI = 1.6–5). The serovars included <i>S.</i> Enteritidis (<i>n</i> = 3/13), <i>S</i>. Mbandaka (<i>n</i> = 1/13), <i>S.</i> Infantis (<i>n</i> = 3/13), <i>S</i>. Heidelberg (<i>n</i> = 5/13) and <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (<i>n</i> = 1/13). Antimicrobial resistance against amoxicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline was found only in <i>S</i>. Typhimurium and <i>S</i>. Mbandaka. All 13 <i>Salmonella</i> isolates harboured <i>invA</i>, <i>agfA</i>, <i>lpfA</i> and <i>sivH</i> virulence genes. The results show low <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence from chicken offal. However, most serovars are known zoonotic pathogens, and multi-drug resistance was observed in some isolates. Consequently, chicken offal products need to be treated with caution to avoid zoonotic <i>Salmonella</i> infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:25:46Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:25:46Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-bd623722aa184319a9cddad35359024e2023-11-18T02:46:17ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-04-0112564110.3390/pathogens12050641Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South AfricaLindokuhle Ndlovu0Patrick Butaye1Tsolanku. S. Maliehe2Kudakwashe Magwedere3Bongi B. Mankonkwana4Albertus K. Basson5Siyanda. S. Ngema6Evelyn Madoroba7Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaDepartment of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumDepartment of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0727, South AfricaDirectorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaAs poultry organ meat is widely consumed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, there is reason to investigate it as a source of <i>Salmonella</i> infections in humans. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> isolated from chicken offal from retail outlets in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Samples (<i>n</i> = 446) were cultured for the detection of <i>Salmonella</i> using ISO 6579-1:2017. Presumptive <i>Salmonella</i> were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. <i>Salmonella</i> isolates were serotyped using the Kauffmann–White–Le Minor scheme and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. A conventional PCR was used for the detection of <i>Salmonella invA</i>, <i>agfA</i>, <i>lpfA</i> and <i>sivH</i> virulence genes. Of the 446 offal samples, 13 tested positive for <i>Salmonella</i> (2.91%; CI = 1.6–5). The serovars included <i>S.</i> Enteritidis (<i>n</i> = 3/13), <i>S</i>. Mbandaka (<i>n</i> = 1/13), <i>S.</i> Infantis (<i>n</i> = 3/13), <i>S</i>. Heidelberg (<i>n</i> = 5/13) and <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (<i>n</i> = 1/13). Antimicrobial resistance against amoxicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline was found only in <i>S</i>. Typhimurium and <i>S</i>. Mbandaka. All 13 <i>Salmonella</i> isolates harboured <i>invA</i>, <i>agfA</i>, <i>lpfA</i> and <i>sivH</i> virulence genes. The results show low <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence from chicken offal. However, most serovars are known zoonotic pathogens, and multi-drug resistance was observed in some isolates. Consequently, chicken offal products need to be treated with caution to avoid zoonotic <i>Salmonella</i> infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/5/641<i>Salmonella</i> serovarsvirulence genesantimicrobial resistancepoultry offal |
| spellingShingle | Lindokuhle Ndlovu Patrick Butaye Tsolanku. S. Maliehe Kudakwashe Magwedere Bongi B. Mankonkwana Albertus K. Basson Siyanda. S. Ngema Evelyn Madoroba Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa Pathogens <i>Salmonella</i> serovars virulence genes antimicrobial resistance poultry offal |
| title | Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |
| title_full | Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |
| title_short | Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of <i>Salmonella</i> Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |
| title_sort | virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of i salmonella i serovars recovered from retail poultry offal in kwazulu natal province south africa |
| topic | <i>Salmonella</i> serovars virulence genes antimicrobial resistance poultry offal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/5/641 |
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