Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders
According to the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-44 standard, hydrographic surveys can be carried out in four categories, the so-called orders—special, 1a, 1b, and 2—for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. Thes...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3860 |
| _version_ | 1798024367158853632 |
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| author | Mariusz Specht |
| author_facet | Mariusz Specht |
| author_sort | Mariusz Specht |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | According to the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-44 standard, hydrographic surveys can be carried out in four categories, the so-called orders—special, 1a, 1b, and 2—for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. These amount to, respectively: 2 m, 5 m, 5 m, and 20 m at a confidence level of 0.95. It is widely assumed that GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network solutions with an accuracy of 2−5 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.95) and maritime DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) systems with an error of 1−2 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95) are currently the two main positioning methods in hydrography. Other positioning systems whose positioning accuracy increases from year to year (and which may serve as alternative solutions) have been omitted. The article proposes a method that enables an assessment of any given navigation positioning system in terms of its compliance (or non-compliance) with the minimum accuracy requirements specified for hydrographic surveys. The method concerned clearly assesses whether a particular positioning system meets the accuracy requirements set out for a particular IHO order. The model was verified, taking into account both past and present research results (stationary and dynamic) derived from tests on the following systems: DGPS, EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), and multi-GNSS receivers (GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo). The study confirmed that the DGPS system meets the requirements for all IHO orders and proved that the EGNOS system can currently be applied in measurements in the orders 1a, 1b, and 2. On the other hand, multi-GNSS receivers meet the requirements for order 2, while some of them meet the requirements for orders 1a and 1b as well. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:01:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bdb1a26fbc2a4786b4469ada3b8610aa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:01:20Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-bdb1a26fbc2a4786b4469ada3b8610aa2022-12-22T04:10:29ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-09-011918386010.3390/s19183860s19183860Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization OrdersMariusz Specht0Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, PolandAccording to the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-44 standard, hydrographic surveys can be carried out in four categories, the so-called orders—special, 1a, 1b, and 2—for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. These amount to, respectively: 2 m, 5 m, 5 m, and 20 m at a confidence level of 0.95. It is widely assumed that GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network solutions with an accuracy of 2−5 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.95) and maritime DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) systems with an error of 1−2 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95) are currently the two main positioning methods in hydrography. Other positioning systems whose positioning accuracy increases from year to year (and which may serve as alternative solutions) have been omitted. The article proposes a method that enables an assessment of any given navigation positioning system in terms of its compliance (or non-compliance) with the minimum accuracy requirements specified for hydrographic surveys. The method concerned clearly assesses whether a particular positioning system meets the accuracy requirements set out for a particular IHO order. The model was verified, taking into account both past and present research results (stationary and dynamic) derived from tests on the following systems: DGPS, EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), and multi-GNSS receivers (GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo). The study confirmed that the DGPS system meets the requirements for all IHO orders and proved that the EGNOS system can currently be applied in measurements in the orders 1a, 1b, and 2. On the other hand, multi-GNSS receivers meet the requirements for order 2, while some of them meet the requirements for orders 1a and 1b as well.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3860reliability modelNavigation Satellite System (NSS)positioning accuracypositioning availabilityhydrography |
| spellingShingle | Mariusz Specht Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders Sensors reliability model Navigation Satellite System (NSS) positioning accuracy positioning availability hydrography |
| title | Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders |
| title_full | Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders |
| title_fullStr | Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders |
| title_short | Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders |
| title_sort | method of evaluating the positioning system capability for complying with the minimum accuracy requirements for the international hydrographic organization orders |
| topic | reliability model Navigation Satellite System (NSS) positioning accuracy positioning availability hydrography |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3860 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mariuszspecht methodofevaluatingthepositioningsystemcapabilityforcomplyingwiththeminimumaccuracyrequirementsfortheinternationalhydrographicorganizationorders |