The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects
Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15132 |
| _version_ | 1797463097284231168 |
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| author | Tian Zeng Saleem Jaffar Yijuan Xu Yixiang Qi |
| author_facet | Tian Zeng Saleem Jaffar Yijuan Xu Yixiang Qi |
| author_sort | Tian Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:45:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bdba0800467c41eb8e6662d2555c90e5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:45:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bdba0800467c41eb8e6662d2555c90e52023-11-24T11:13:47ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123231513210.3390/ijms232315132The Intestinal Immune Defense System in InsectsTian Zeng0Saleem Jaffar1Yijuan Xu2Yixiang Qi3Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaOver a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15132insect intestinal immunityphysical defense systemImd pathwayDuox-ROSJAK/STATpathwayintestinal stem cells |
| spellingShingle | Tian Zeng Saleem Jaffar Yijuan Xu Yixiang Qi The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects International Journal of Molecular Sciences insect intestinal immunity physical defense system Imd pathway Duox-ROS JAK/STATpathway intestinal stem cells |
| title | The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects |
| title_full | The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects |
| title_fullStr | The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects |
| title_short | The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects |
| title_sort | intestinal immune defense system in insects |
| topic | insect intestinal immunity physical defense system Imd pathway Duox-ROS JAK/STATpathway intestinal stem cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15132 |
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