Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 2.7 million lives globally. Obesity has been associated with increased severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity exacerbates COVID-19 pathologies are not well-defined. The levels of free fa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/7127 |
| _version_ | 1797528015469543424 |
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| author | Christie Joshi Viren Jadeja Heping Zhou |
| author_facet | Christie Joshi Viren Jadeja Heping Zhou |
| author_sort | Christie Joshi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 2.7 million lives globally. Obesity has been associated with increased severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity exacerbates COVID-19 pathologies are not well-defined. The levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obese subjects. This study was therefore designed to examine how excess levels of different FFAs may affect the progression of COVID-19. Biological molecules associated with palmitic acid (PA) and COVID-19 were retrieved from QIAGEN Knowledge Base, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tools were used to analyze these datasets and explore the potential pathways affected by different FFAs. Our study found that one of the top 10 canonical pathways affected by PA was the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway, mediated by key inflammatory mediators, including PTGS2; cytokines, including IL1β and IL6; chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5; transcription factors, including NFκB; translation regulators, including EEF1A1; and apoptotic mediators, including BAX. In contrast, n-3 fatty acids may attenuate PA’s activation of the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway by inhibiting the activity of such mediators as IL1β, CCL2, PTGS2, and BAX. Furthermore, PA may modulate the expression of ACE2, the main cell surface receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:52:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bdbab5f0a3f14da79b449f02d137ee29 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:52:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bdbab5f0a3f14da79b449f02d137ee292023-11-22T02:40:41ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-07-012213712710.3390/ijms22137127Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 PathologiesChristie Joshi0Viren Jadeja1Heping Zhou2Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USAThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 2.7 million lives globally. Obesity has been associated with increased severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity exacerbates COVID-19 pathologies are not well-defined. The levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obese subjects. This study was therefore designed to examine how excess levels of different FFAs may affect the progression of COVID-19. Biological molecules associated with palmitic acid (PA) and COVID-19 were retrieved from QIAGEN Knowledge Base, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tools were used to analyze these datasets and explore the potential pathways affected by different FFAs. Our study found that one of the top 10 canonical pathways affected by PA was the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway, mediated by key inflammatory mediators, including PTGS2; cytokines, including IL1β and IL6; chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5; transcription factors, including NFκB; translation regulators, including EEF1A1; and apoptotic mediators, including BAX. In contrast, n-3 fatty acids may attenuate PA’s activation of the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway by inhibiting the activity of such mediators as IL1β, CCL2, PTGS2, and BAX. Furthermore, PA may modulate the expression of ACE2, the main cell surface receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/7127obesitypalmitic acidn-3 fatty acidCOVID-19cytokineschemokines |
| spellingShingle | Christie Joshi Viren Jadeja Heping Zhou Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies International Journal of Molecular Sciences obesity palmitic acid n-3 fatty acid COVID-19 cytokines chemokines |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms of Palmitic Acid Augmentation in COVID-19 Pathologies |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms of palmitic acid augmentation in covid 19 pathologies |
| topic | obesity palmitic acid n-3 fatty acid COVID-19 cytokines chemokines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/7127 |
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