Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production
Background: Breastmilk is considered the gold standard of infant nutrition. Many mothers have difficulty with breastfeeding and over 50% of women stop due to perceived low production. Aims and methods: Our study compared gene expression in 8 samples of low and high producers of milk. All subjects we...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021024385 |
| _version_ | 1818842556194095104 |
|---|---|
| author | Stephanie Canale Renuka Ramanathan Matteo Pelligrini Nicolas C. Rochette Brian B. Nadel Melissa Gee |
| author_facet | Stephanie Canale Renuka Ramanathan Matteo Pelligrini Nicolas C. Rochette Brian B. Nadel Melissa Gee |
| author_sort | Stephanie Canale |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Breastmilk is considered the gold standard of infant nutrition. Many mothers have difficulty with breastfeeding and over 50% of women stop due to perceived low production. Aims and methods: Our study compared gene expression in 8 samples of low and high producers of milk. All subjects were administered GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires. Low-producers were all found to have more depression and anxiety compared to high-producers. Results: We did not find significant differences between gene expression between low and high milk producers. Only 5 of 8 samples contained a significant number of human cells. We did find differences in the amount of various bacterial populations. Conclusion: Our results indicate that gene expression in breastmilk is complicated by collection methods. We recommend that even though some women produced less than 600 ml of milk over a 24-hour period of time, due to the nature of the bacteria found in milk they try to breastfeed as much as they can for the health benefits of their infants. the rich bacterial diversity in all patients including the low producers strongly suggests that even women producing lesser quantities of milk confer their children numerous benefits by breastfeeding them. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T04:43:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bdc815853c624fef9d808b9d97a121a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T04:43:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-bdc815853c624fef9d808b9d97a121a72022-12-21T20:35:32ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402021-11-01711e08335Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial productionStephanie Canale0Renuka Ramanathan1Matteo Pelligrini2Nicolas C. Rochette3Brian B. Nadel4Melissa Gee5Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USABiological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, USADepartment of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USADepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USADepartment of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USADepartment of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Corresponding author.Background: Breastmilk is considered the gold standard of infant nutrition. Many mothers have difficulty with breastfeeding and over 50% of women stop due to perceived low production. Aims and methods: Our study compared gene expression in 8 samples of low and high producers of milk. All subjects were administered GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires. Low-producers were all found to have more depression and anxiety compared to high-producers. Results: We did not find significant differences between gene expression between low and high milk producers. Only 5 of 8 samples contained a significant number of human cells. We did find differences in the amount of various bacterial populations. Conclusion: Our results indicate that gene expression in breastmilk is complicated by collection methods. We recommend that even though some women produced less than 600 ml of milk over a 24-hour period of time, due to the nature of the bacteria found in milk they try to breastfeed as much as they can for the health benefits of their infants. the rich bacterial diversity in all patients including the low producers strongly suggests that even women producing lesser quantities of milk confer their children numerous benefits by breastfeeding them.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021024385Human milkmRNAGene expressionMilk productionBacteria in milk |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie Canale Renuka Ramanathan Matteo Pelligrini Nicolas C. Rochette Brian B. Nadel Melissa Gee Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production Heliyon Human milk mRNA Gene expression Milk production Bacteria in milk |
| title | Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production |
| title_full | Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production |
| title_short | Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production |
| title_sort | analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells a comparison between low and high producers and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production gene expression and bacterial production |
| topic | Human milk mRNA Gene expression Milk production Bacteria in milk |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021024385 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stephaniecanale analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction AT renukaramanathan analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction AT matteopelligrini analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction AT nicolascrochette analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction AT brianbnadel analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction AT melissagee analysisofgeneexpressionfromhumanbreastmilkcellsacomparisonbetweenlowandhighproducersandtheinfluenceofanxietyanddepressiononmilkproductiongeneexpressionandbacterialproduction |