Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis
Despite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death can be caused by, or a symptom of, a wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5079 |
| _version_ | 1797611403529420800 |
|---|---|
| author | Sumiah A. Alghareeb Mohammad A. Alfhili Sabiha Fatima |
| author_facet | Sumiah A. Alghareeb Mohammad A. Alfhili Sabiha Fatima |
| author_sort | Sumiah A. Alghareeb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death can be caused by, or a symptom of, a wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators have also been recognized as triggers and inhibitors of eryptosis. Eukaryotic RBCs are unique among their cell membrane distribution of phospholipids. The change in the RBC membrane composition of the outer leaflet occurs in a variety of diseases, including sickle cell disease, renal diseases, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Eryptotic erythrocytes exhibit various morphological alterations such as shrinkage, swelling, and increased granulation. Biochemical changes include cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> increase, oxidative stress, stimulation of caspases, metabolic exhaustion, and ceramide accumulation. Eryptosis is an effective mechanism for the elimination of dysfunctional erythrocytes due to senescence, infection, or injury to prevent hemolysis. Nevertheless, excessive eryptosis is associated with multiple pathologies, most notably anemia, abnormal microcirculation, and prothrombotic risk; all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathophysiological relevance of eryptosis, as well as the potential role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating RBC survival and death. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-be109b1ad0bd44a7a13d597b2b754bd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-be109b1ad0bd44a7a13d597b2b754bd82023-11-17T11:28:46ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01246507910.3390/ijms24065079Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of EryptosisSumiah A. Alghareeb0Mohammad A. Alfhili1Sabiha Fatima2Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaChair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaChair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaDespite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death can be caused by, or a symptom of, a wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators have also been recognized as triggers and inhibitors of eryptosis. Eukaryotic RBCs are unique among their cell membrane distribution of phospholipids. The change in the RBC membrane composition of the outer leaflet occurs in a variety of diseases, including sickle cell disease, renal diseases, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Eryptotic erythrocytes exhibit various morphological alterations such as shrinkage, swelling, and increased granulation. Biochemical changes include cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> increase, oxidative stress, stimulation of caspases, metabolic exhaustion, and ceramide accumulation. Eryptosis is an effective mechanism for the elimination of dysfunctional erythrocytes due to senescence, infection, or injury to prevent hemolysis. Nevertheless, excessive eryptosis is associated with multiple pathologies, most notably anemia, abnormal microcirculation, and prothrombotic risk; all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathophysiological relevance of eryptosis, as well as the potential role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating RBC survival and death.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5079eryptosiscalciumoxidative stressanemiaanti-eryptotic compounds |
| spellingShingle | Sumiah A. Alghareeb Mohammad A. Alfhili Sabiha Fatima Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis International Journal of Molecular Sciences eryptosis calcium oxidative stress anemia anti-eryptotic compounds |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of eryptosis |
| topic | eryptosis calcium oxidative stress anemia anti-eryptotic compounds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5079 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sumiahaalghareeb molecularmechanismsandpathophysiologicalsignificanceoferyptosis AT mohammadaalfhili molecularmechanismsandpathophysiologicalsignificanceoferyptosis AT sabihafatima molecularmechanismsandpathophysiologicalsignificanceoferyptosis |