From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal
Oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (OPEFBF), in three size ranges (small: 250–450 µm, medium: 450–600 µm, large: 600–800 µm), were investigated as a filter-bed material in biofilters for the removal of organic matter and nutrients. After saturation, these fibers (post) were used in the removal of met...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/23/4116 |
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| author | Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo Elvia Gallegos Elizabeth Domínguez Paola Gutiérrez Vladimir Valle Alex Darío Aguilar Alexis Debut Catalina Vasco |
| author_facet | Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo Elvia Gallegos Elizabeth Domínguez Paola Gutiérrez Vladimir Valle Alex Darío Aguilar Alexis Debut Catalina Vasco |
| author_sort | Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (OPEFBF), in three size ranges (small: 250–450 µm, medium: 450–600 µm, large: 600–800 µm), were investigated as a filter-bed material in biofilters for the removal of organic matter and nutrients. After saturation, these fibers (post) were used in the removal of methylene blue through batch processes. The batch adsorption tests included optimizing the adsorbent dosage (0.5–32.0 g/L) and contact time (2.5–60.0 min). Experimental data were fitted to various kinetic/isotherm models. Instrumental characterization of both raw and post fibers was conducted. Post fibers underwent morphological/compositional changes due to the presence of microorganisms and their byproducts. Efficiencies reached up to 94% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 88.4% for total nitrogen and 77.2% for total phosphorus. In batch adsorption, methylene blue removal exceeded 90%, underscoring the effectiveness of small raw OPEFBF and large post OPEFBF. Kinetic models indicated that raw OPEFBF better fit the pseudo-first-order model, while post OPEFBF better fit the pseudo-second-order model. Both types of OPEFBF showed a good fit with the Freundlich model (higher R<sup>2</sup>, lower χ<sup>2</sup> and SSE). Particularly, large post OPEFBF stood out as the most efficient adsorbent, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 12.02 mg/g for methylene blue. Therefore, raw/post OPEFBF could be an alternative to remove contaminants from wastewater. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:40:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-be1822ee3ae44e1eaece59afebe6db84 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:40:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-be1822ee3ae44e1eaece59afebe6db842023-12-08T15:28:32ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-11-011523411610.3390/w15234116From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue RemovalCristina E. Almeida-Naranjo0Elvia Gallegos1Elizabeth Domínguez2Paola Gutiérrez3Vladimir Valle4Alex Darío Aguilar5Alexis Debut6Catalina Vasco7Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorFaculty of Engineering and Sciences—Biotechnology Engineering, Universidad de las Américas, Redondel del Ciclista Antigua Vía a Nayón, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-24, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorCenter of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí P.O. Box 17-15-231B., EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias Nucleares, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito P.O. Box 17-01-2759, EcuadorOil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (OPEFBF), in three size ranges (small: 250–450 µm, medium: 450–600 µm, large: 600–800 µm), were investigated as a filter-bed material in biofilters for the removal of organic matter and nutrients. After saturation, these fibers (post) were used in the removal of methylene blue through batch processes. The batch adsorption tests included optimizing the adsorbent dosage (0.5–32.0 g/L) and contact time (2.5–60.0 min). Experimental data were fitted to various kinetic/isotherm models. Instrumental characterization of both raw and post fibers was conducted. Post fibers underwent morphological/compositional changes due to the presence of microorganisms and their byproducts. Efficiencies reached up to 94% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 88.4% for total nitrogen and 77.2% for total phosphorus. In batch adsorption, methylene blue removal exceeded 90%, underscoring the effectiveness of small raw OPEFBF and large post OPEFBF. Kinetic models indicated that raw OPEFBF better fit the pseudo-first-order model, while post OPEFBF better fit the pseudo-second-order model. Both types of OPEFBF showed a good fit with the Freundlich model (higher R<sup>2</sup>, lower χ<sup>2</sup> and SSE). Particularly, large post OPEFBF stood out as the most efficient adsorbent, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 12.02 mg/g for methylene blue. Therefore, raw/post OPEFBF could be an alternative to remove contaminants from wastewater.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/23/4116post adsorbentagro-industrial residuesbiofiltersbatch adsorption processfiber size distribution |
| spellingShingle | Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo Elvia Gallegos Elizabeth Domínguez Paola Gutiérrez Vladimir Valle Alex Darío Aguilar Alexis Debut Catalina Vasco From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal Water post adsorbent agro-industrial residues biofilters batch adsorption process fiber size distribution |
| title | From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal |
| title_full | From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal |
| title_fullStr | From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal |
| title_full_unstemmed | From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal |
| title_short | From Renewable Biomass to Water Purification Systems: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Adsorbent for Domestic Wastewater Remediation and Methylene Blue Removal |
| title_sort | from renewable biomass to water purification systems oil palm empty fruit bunch as bio adsorbent for domestic wastewater remediation and methylene blue removal |
| topic | post adsorbent agro-industrial residues biofilters batch adsorption process fiber size distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/23/4116 |
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