Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment
As clinical efforts towards breast-conserving therapy and prolonging survival of those with metastatic breast cancer increase, innovative approaches with the use of biologics are on the rise. Two areas of current focus are cancer immunotherapy and autophagy, both of which have been well-studied inde...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/10/966 |
| _version_ | 1797471445776859136 |
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| author | Spyridon Giannopoulos Cansu Cimen Bozkus Eleni Zografos Aikaterini Athanasiou Ann Marie Bongiovanni Georgios Doulaveris Chris N. Bakoyiannis Georgios E. Theodoropoulos Georgios C. Zografos Steven S. Witkin Theofano Orfanelli |
| author_facet | Spyridon Giannopoulos Cansu Cimen Bozkus Eleni Zografos Aikaterini Athanasiou Ann Marie Bongiovanni Georgios Doulaveris Chris N. Bakoyiannis Georgios E. Theodoropoulos Georgios C. Zografos Steven S. Witkin Theofano Orfanelli |
| author_sort | Spyridon Giannopoulos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As clinical efforts towards breast-conserving therapy and prolonging survival of those with metastatic breast cancer increase, innovative approaches with the use of biologics are on the rise. Two areas of current focus are cancer immunotherapy and autophagy, both of which have been well-studied independently but have recently been shown to have intertwining roles in cancer. An increased understanding of their interactions could provide new insights that result in novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. In this breast cancer-focused review, we explore the interactions between autophagy and two clinically relevant immune checkpoint pathways; the programmed cell death-1 receptor with its ligand (PD-L1)/PD-1 and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)/CD80 and CD86 (B7-1 and B7-2). Furthermore, we discuss emerging preclinical and clinical data supporting targeting both immunotherapy and autophagy pathway manipulation as a promising approach in the treatment of breast cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:49:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-be54092aefcf47708ffa4c8af7712f81 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:49:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-be54092aefcf47708ffa4c8af7712f812023-11-24T01:16:01ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-10-01121096610.3390/metabo12100966Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer TreatmentSpyridon Giannopoulos0Cansu Cimen Bozkus1Eleni Zografos2Aikaterini Athanasiou3Ann Marie Bongiovanni4Georgios Doulaveris5Chris N. Bakoyiannis6Georgios E. Theodoropoulos7Georgios C. Zografos8Steven S. Witkin9Theofano Orfanelli10Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USADepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USADepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USADepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USAFirst Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceFirst Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceFirst Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USAFirst Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceAs clinical efforts towards breast-conserving therapy and prolonging survival of those with metastatic breast cancer increase, innovative approaches with the use of biologics are on the rise. Two areas of current focus are cancer immunotherapy and autophagy, both of which have been well-studied independently but have recently been shown to have intertwining roles in cancer. An increased understanding of their interactions could provide new insights that result in novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. In this breast cancer-focused review, we explore the interactions between autophagy and two clinically relevant immune checkpoint pathways; the programmed cell death-1 receptor with its ligand (PD-L1)/PD-1 and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)/CD80 and CD86 (B7-1 and B7-2). Furthermore, we discuss emerging preclinical and clinical data supporting targeting both immunotherapy and autophagy pathway manipulation as a promising approach in the treatment of breast cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/10/966breast cancerautophagyimmunotherapyimmunoregulationimmune-checkpoint inhibitors |
| spellingShingle | Spyridon Giannopoulos Cansu Cimen Bozkus Eleni Zografos Aikaterini Athanasiou Ann Marie Bongiovanni Georgios Doulaveris Chris N. Bakoyiannis Georgios E. Theodoropoulos Georgios C. Zografos Steven S. Witkin Theofano Orfanelli Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment Metabolites breast cancer autophagy immunotherapy immunoregulation immune-checkpoint inhibitors |
| title | Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment |
| title_full | Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment |
| title_short | Targeting Both Autophagy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment |
| title_sort | targeting both autophagy and immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment |
| topic | breast cancer autophagy immunotherapy immunoregulation immune-checkpoint inhibitors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/10/966 |
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