Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is distinct from other neurological disorders because it is induced by a discrete event that applies extreme mechanical forces to the brain. This review describes how the brain senses, integrates, and responds to forces under both normal conditions and during injury. The...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Neurobiology of Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096999612030485X |
| _version_ | 1818649003382800384 |
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| author | Carolyn E. Keating D. Kacy Cullen |
| author_facet | Carolyn E. Keating D. Kacy Cullen |
| author_sort | Carolyn E. Keating |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is distinct from other neurological disorders because it is induced by a discrete event that applies extreme mechanical forces to the brain. This review describes how the brain senses, integrates, and responds to forces under both normal conditions and during injury. The response to forces is influenced by the unique mechanical properties of brain tissue, which differ by region, cell type, and sub-cellular structure. Elements such as the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, transmembrane receptors, and cytoskeleton influence its properties. These same components also act as force-sensors, allowing neurons and glia to respond to their physical environment and maintain homeostasis. However, when applied forces become too large, as in TBI, these components may respond in an aberrant manner or structurally fail, resulting in unique pathological sequelae. This so-called “pathological mechanosensation” represents a spectrum of cellular responses, which vary depending on the overall biomechanical parameters of the injury and may be compounded by repetitive injuries. Such aberrant physical responses and/or damage to cells along with the resulting secondary injury cascades can ultimately lead to long-term cellular dysfunction and degeneration, often resulting in persistent deficits. Indeed, pathological mechanosensation not only directly initiates secondary injury cascades, but this post-physical damage environment provides the context in which these cascades unfold. Collectively, these points underscore the need to use experimental models that accurately replicate the biomechanics of TBI in humans. Understanding cellular responses in context with injury biomechanics may uncover therapeutic targets addressing various facets of trauma-specific sequelae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T01:27:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-be69a6965ed449cb9145e5b985a09c5c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1095-953X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T01:27:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Neurobiology of Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-be69a6965ed449cb9145e5b985a09c5c2022-12-21T22:08:40ZengElsevierNeurobiology of Disease1095-953X2021-01-01148105210Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injuryCarolyn E. Keating0D. Kacy Cullen1Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, USA; Corresponding author at: University of Pennsylvania, 105 Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is distinct from other neurological disorders because it is induced by a discrete event that applies extreme mechanical forces to the brain. This review describes how the brain senses, integrates, and responds to forces under both normal conditions and during injury. The response to forces is influenced by the unique mechanical properties of brain tissue, which differ by region, cell type, and sub-cellular structure. Elements such as the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, transmembrane receptors, and cytoskeleton influence its properties. These same components also act as force-sensors, allowing neurons and glia to respond to their physical environment and maintain homeostasis. However, when applied forces become too large, as in TBI, these components may respond in an aberrant manner or structurally fail, resulting in unique pathological sequelae. This so-called “pathological mechanosensation” represents a spectrum of cellular responses, which vary depending on the overall biomechanical parameters of the injury and may be compounded by repetitive injuries. Such aberrant physical responses and/or damage to cells along with the resulting secondary injury cascades can ultimately lead to long-term cellular dysfunction and degeneration, often resulting in persistent deficits. Indeed, pathological mechanosensation not only directly initiates secondary injury cascades, but this post-physical damage environment provides the context in which these cascades unfold. Collectively, these points underscore the need to use experimental models that accurately replicate the biomechanics of TBI in humans. Understanding cellular responses in context with injury biomechanics may uncover therapeutic targets addressing various facets of trauma-specific sequelae.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096999612030485XTraumatic brain injuryBiomechanicsForceMechanosensationMechanotransductionMechanobiology |
| spellingShingle | Carolyn E. Keating D. Kacy Cullen Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury Neurobiology of Disease Traumatic brain injury Biomechanics Force Mechanosensation Mechanotransduction Mechanobiology |
| title | Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| title_full | Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| title_fullStr | Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| title_short | Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| title_sort | mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury |
| topic | Traumatic brain injury Biomechanics Force Mechanosensation Mechanotransduction Mechanobiology |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096999612030485X |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carolynekeating mechanosensationintraumaticbraininjury AT dkacycullen mechanosensationintraumaticbraininjury |