Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces
Engineering the surface orientation of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals to the close-packed {111} plane can significantly enhance their oxidation resistance. However, owing to the synergetic effect of surface energy density (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/Math...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| author | Jian Song Songsong Yao Quan Li Jiamiao Ni Zhuoxin Yan Kunming Yang Guisen Liu Yue Liu Jian Wang |
| author_facet | Jian Song Songsong Yao Quan Li Jiamiao Ni Zhuoxin Yan Kunming Yang Guisen Liu Yue Liu Jian Wang |
| author_sort | Jian Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Engineering the surface orientation of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals to the close-packed {111} plane can significantly enhance their oxidation resistance. However, owing to the synergetic effect of surface energy density (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and strain energy density (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), such close-packed surface orientation can currently only be achieved by atomic-level thin film epitaxy or monocrystallization of polycrystalline metals. In this study, we characterized the microstructures of pure copper (Cu) foil and two types of graphene-coated Cu (Gr/Cu) foils and observed a 12~14 nm thick reconstructed surface layer with the {111} orientation in the high-temperature deposited Gr/{001} Cu surface. Combining the statistical results with thermodynamic analysis, we proposed a surface melting-solidification mechanism for the reconstruction of the Cu surface from {001} orientation to {111} orientation. This process is dominated by Gr/Cu interfacial energy and is particularly promoted by high-temperature surface melting. We also validated such a mechanism by examining Cu surfaces coated by <i>h</i>-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) and amorphous carbon. Our findings suggest a possible strategy to enhance the surface properties of fcc metals via engineering surface crystallography. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:30:40Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-be6f11feb0d1495f97749b17705040ba2023-11-18T02:27:35ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-05-0113591010.3390/met13050910Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} SurfacesJian Song0Songsong Yao1Quan Li2Jiamiao Ni3Zhuoxin Yan4Kunming Yang5Guisen Liu6Yue Liu7Jian Wang8State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USAEngineering the surface orientation of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals to the close-packed {111} plane can significantly enhance their oxidation resistance. However, owing to the synergetic effect of surface energy density (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and strain energy density (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), such close-packed surface orientation can currently only be achieved by atomic-level thin film epitaxy or monocrystallization of polycrystalline metals. In this study, we characterized the microstructures of pure copper (Cu) foil and two types of graphene-coated Cu (Gr/Cu) foils and observed a 12~14 nm thick reconstructed surface layer with the {111} orientation in the high-temperature deposited Gr/{001} Cu surface. Combining the statistical results with thermodynamic analysis, we proposed a surface melting-solidification mechanism for the reconstruction of the Cu surface from {001} orientation to {111} orientation. This process is dominated by Gr/Cu interfacial energy and is particularly promoted by high-temperature surface melting. We also validated such a mechanism by examining Cu surfaces coated by <i>h</i>-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) and amorphous carbon. Our findings suggest a possible strategy to enhance the surface properties of fcc metals via engineering surface crystallography.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/5/910surface reconstructiongraphenecoppermicrostructure |
| spellingShingle | Jian Song Songsong Yao Quan Li Jiamiao Ni Zhuoxin Yan Kunming Yang Guisen Liu Yue Liu Jian Wang Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces Metals surface reconstruction graphene copper microstructure |
| title | Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces |
| title_full | Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces |
| title_fullStr | Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces |
| title_short | Reorientation Mechanisms of Graphene Coated Copper {001} Surfaces |
| title_sort | reorientation mechanisms of graphene coated copper 001 surfaces |
| topic | surface reconstruction graphene copper microstructure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/5/910 |
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